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Transport Phenomena in Materials Processing
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This text provides a teachable and readable approach to transport phenomena (momentum, heat, and mass transport) by providing numerous examples and applications, which are particularly important to metallurgical, ceramic, and materials engineers. Because the authors feel that it is important for students and practicing engineers to visualize the physical situations, they have attempted to lead the reader through the development and solution of the relevant differential equations by applying the familiar principles of conservation to numerous situations and by including many worked examples in each chapter.
The book is organized in a manner characteristic of other texts in transport phenomena. Section I deals with the properties and mechanics of fluid motion; Section II with thermal properties and heat transfer; and Section III with diffusion and mass transfer. The authors depart from tradition by building on a presumed understanding of the relationships between the structure and properties of matter, particularly in the chapters devoted to the transport properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, and the diffusion coefficients). In addition, generous portions of the text, numerous examples, and many problems at the ends of the chapters apply transport phenomena to materials processing.
The book is organized in a manner characteristic of other texts in transport phenomena. Section I deals with the properties and mechanics of fluid motion; Section II with thermal properties and heat transfer; and Section III with diffusion and mass transfer. The authors depart from tradition by building on a presumed understanding of the relationships between the structure and properties of matter, particularly in the chapters devoted to the transport properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, and the diffusion coefficients). In addition, generous portions of the text, numerous examples, and many problems at the ends of the chapters apply transport phenomena to materials processing.
目次
PART I: FLUID DYNAMICS.
CHAPTER 1: VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS.
1.1 Types of fluid flow.
1.2 Newtonian fluids.
1.3 Viscosity of gases.
1.4 Viscosity of liquids.
1.5 Non-Newtonian fluids.
CHAPTER 2: LAMINAR FLOW AND THE MOMENTUM EQUATION.
2.1 Momentum balance.
2.2 Flow of a falling film.
2.3 Fully developed flow between parallel plates.
2.4 Fully developed flow through a circular tube.
2.5 Equation of continuity and the momentum equation.
2.6 The momentum equation in rectangular and curvilinear coordinates.
2.7 Application of Navier-Stokes' equation.
CHAPTER 3: TURBULENT FLOW AND COMPLEX FLOWS.
3.1 Friction factors for flow in tubes.
3.2 Flow in noncircular conduits.
3.3 Flow past submerged bodies.
3.4 Flow through porous media.
3.5 Fluidized beds.
CHAPTER 4: ENERGY BALANCE APPLICATIONS IN FLUID FLOW.
4.1 Conservation of energy.
4.2 Friction losses in straight conduits.
4.3 Enlargement and contraction.
4.4 Flow through valves and fittings.
4.5 Flow through smooth bends and coils.
4.6 Flow measurement.
4.7 Flow from ladles.
4.8 Flow through piping networks.
CHAPTER 5: FLOW AND VACUUM PRODUCTION.
5.1 Pumps.
5.2 Fans and blowers.
5.3 Interactions between fans or pumps and systems.
5.4 Supersonic nozzles and jet behavior.
5.5 Vacuum production.
PART II: ENERGY TRANSPORT.
CHAPTER 6: FOURIER'S LAW AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS.
6.1 Fourier's law and thermal conductivity.
6.2 Thermal conductivity of gases.
6.3 Thermal conductivity of solids.
6.4 Thermal conductivity of liquids.
6.5 Thermal conductivity of bulk materials.
CHAPTER 7: HEAT TRANSFER AND THE ENERGY EQUATION.
7.1 Heat transfer with forced convection in a tube.
7.2 Heat transfer with laminar forced convection over a flat plate.
7.3 Heat transfer with natural convection.
7.4 Heat conduction.
7.5 The general energy equation.
7.6 The energy equation in rectangular and curvilinear coordinates.
CHAPTER 8: CORRELATIONS AND DATA FOR HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS.
8.1 Heat transfer coefficients for forced convection in tubes.
8.2 Heat transfer coefficients for forced convection past submerged objects.
8.3 Heat transfer coefficients for natural convection.
8.4 Quenching heat transfer coefficients.
8.5 Heat transfer coefficients in fluidized beds.
8.6 Heat transfer coefficients in packed beds.
8.7 Heat transfer coefficients in forging.
CHAPTER 9: CONDUCTION OF HEAT IN SOLIDS.
9.1 The energy equation for conduction.
9.2 Steady-state one-dimensional systems.
9.3 Transient systems finite dimensions.
9.4 Transient conditions in finite and semi-infinite solids.
9.5 Simple multidimensional problems.
9.6 Moving sources.
CHAPTER 10: SOLIDIFICATION OF METALS.
10.1 Solidification in sand molds.
10.2 Solidification in metal molds.
10.3 Continuous casting.
10.4 Crystal growth.
CHAPTER 11: RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER.
11.1 Basic characteristics.
11.2 The black radiator and emissivity.
11.3 The energy distribution and the emissive power.
11.4 Gray bodies and absorptivity.
11.5 Exchange between infinite parallel plates.
11.6 View factors.
11.7 Electric circuit analog.
11.8 Furnace enclosures.
11.9 Radiation combined with convection.
11.10 Radiation from gases.
11.11 Enclosures filled with radiating gas.
11.12 Radiation in transparent solids.
11.13 Transient conduction with radiation at the surface.
11.14 Transient heating with thermal stresses.
PART III: MASS TRANSPORT.
CHAPTER 12: INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER.
12.1 Definition of fluxes--Fick's first law.
12.2 Diffusion in solids.
12.3 Diffusion in ceramic materials.
12.4 Diffusion in elemental semiconductors.
12.5 Diffusion in liquids.
12.6 Diffusion in gases.
12.7 Diffusion through porous media.
CHAPTER 13: DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS.
13.1 Steady-state diffusion experiments.
13.2 Transient diffusion experiments.
13.3 Finite system solutions.
13.4 Microelectronic diffusion processing.
13.5 Homogenization of alloys.
13.6 Formation of surface layers.
CHAPTER 14: MASS TRANSFER IN FLUID SYSTEMS.
14.1 Diffusion through a stagnant gas film.
14.2 Diffusion in a moving gas stream.
14.3 Diffusion into a falling liquid film.
14.4 The mass transfer coefficient.
14.5 General equation of diffusion with convection.
14.6 Forced convection over a flat plate.
14.7 Correlations of mass transfer coefficients for turbulent flow.
14.8 Models of the mass transfer coefficient.
14.9 Mass transfer in chemical vapor deposition.
CHAPTER 15: INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER.
15.1 Two-resistance mass transfer theory.
15.2 Mixed control in gas-solid reactions.
15.3 Mass transfer with vaporization.
CHAPTER 16: NUMERICAL METHODS AND MODELS.
16.1 Finite difference approximations.
16.2 Turbulent flow.
16.3 Discretization in convective flows.
APPENDICES.
A. Physical Constants.
B. Thermal Properties.
C. Conversion Factors.
D. Description of Particulate Materials.
E. Flow Measurement Instruments.
F. Derivation of Eq. (9.62) for Semi-infinite Solids.
G. Derivation of Eq. (13.53) for Drive-in Diffusion.
Index.
CHAPTER 1: VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS.
1.1 Types of fluid flow.
1.2 Newtonian fluids.
1.3 Viscosity of gases.
1.4 Viscosity of liquids.
1.5 Non-Newtonian fluids.
CHAPTER 2: LAMINAR FLOW AND THE MOMENTUM EQUATION.
2.1 Momentum balance.
2.2 Flow of a falling film.
2.3 Fully developed flow between parallel plates.
2.4 Fully developed flow through a circular tube.
2.5 Equation of continuity and the momentum equation.
2.6 The momentum equation in rectangular and curvilinear coordinates.
2.7 Application of Navier-Stokes' equation.
CHAPTER 3: TURBULENT FLOW AND COMPLEX FLOWS.
3.1 Friction factors for flow in tubes.
3.2 Flow in noncircular conduits.
3.3 Flow past submerged bodies.
3.4 Flow through porous media.
3.5 Fluidized beds.
CHAPTER 4: ENERGY BALANCE APPLICATIONS IN FLUID FLOW.
4.1 Conservation of energy.
4.2 Friction losses in straight conduits.
4.3 Enlargement and contraction.
4.4 Flow through valves and fittings.
4.5 Flow through smooth bends and coils.
4.6 Flow measurement.
4.7 Flow from ladles.
4.8 Flow through piping networks.
CHAPTER 5: FLOW AND VACUUM PRODUCTION.
5.1 Pumps.
5.2 Fans and blowers.
5.3 Interactions between fans or pumps and systems.
5.4 Supersonic nozzles and jet behavior.
5.5 Vacuum production.
PART II: ENERGY TRANSPORT.
CHAPTER 6: FOURIER'S LAW AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS.
6.1 Fourier's law and thermal conductivity.
6.2 Thermal conductivity of gases.
6.3 Thermal conductivity of solids.
6.4 Thermal conductivity of liquids.
6.5 Thermal conductivity of bulk materials.
CHAPTER 7: HEAT TRANSFER AND THE ENERGY EQUATION.
7.1 Heat transfer with forced convection in a tube.
7.2 Heat transfer with laminar forced convection over a flat plate.
7.3 Heat transfer with natural convection.
7.4 Heat conduction.
7.5 The general energy equation.
7.6 The energy equation in rectangular and curvilinear coordinates.
CHAPTER 8: CORRELATIONS AND DATA FOR HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS.
8.1 Heat transfer coefficients for forced convection in tubes.
8.2 Heat transfer coefficients for forced convection past submerged objects.
8.3 Heat transfer coefficients for natural convection.
8.4 Quenching heat transfer coefficients.
8.5 Heat transfer coefficients in fluidized beds.
8.6 Heat transfer coefficients in packed beds.
8.7 Heat transfer coefficients in forging.
CHAPTER 9: CONDUCTION OF HEAT IN SOLIDS.
9.1 The energy equation for conduction.
9.2 Steady-state one-dimensional systems.
9.3 Transient systems finite dimensions.
9.4 Transient conditions in finite and semi-infinite solids.
9.5 Simple multidimensional problems.
9.6 Moving sources.
CHAPTER 10: SOLIDIFICATION OF METALS.
10.1 Solidification in sand molds.
10.2 Solidification in metal molds.
10.3 Continuous casting.
10.4 Crystal growth.
CHAPTER 11: RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER.
11.1 Basic characteristics.
11.2 The black radiator and emissivity.
11.3 The energy distribution and the emissive power.
11.4 Gray bodies and absorptivity.
11.5 Exchange between infinite parallel plates.
11.6 View factors.
11.7 Electric circuit analog.
11.8 Furnace enclosures.
11.9 Radiation combined with convection.
11.10 Radiation from gases.
11.11 Enclosures filled with radiating gas.
11.12 Radiation in transparent solids.
11.13 Transient conduction with radiation at the surface.
11.14 Transient heating with thermal stresses.
PART III: MASS TRANSPORT.
CHAPTER 12: INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER.
12.1 Definition of fluxes--Fick's first law.
12.2 Diffusion in solids.
12.3 Diffusion in ceramic materials.
12.4 Diffusion in elemental semiconductors.
12.5 Diffusion in liquids.
12.6 Diffusion in gases.
12.7 Diffusion through porous media.
CHAPTER 13: DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS.
13.1 Steady-state diffusion experiments.
13.2 Transient diffusion experiments.
13.3 Finite system solutions.
13.4 Microelectronic diffusion processing.
13.5 Homogenization of alloys.
13.6 Formation of surface layers.
CHAPTER 14: MASS TRANSFER IN FLUID SYSTEMS.
14.1 Diffusion through a stagnant gas film.
14.2 Diffusion in a moving gas stream.
14.3 Diffusion into a falling liquid film.
14.4 The mass transfer coefficient.
14.5 General equation of diffusion with convection.
14.6 Forced convection over a flat plate.
14.7 Correlations of mass transfer coefficients for turbulent flow.
14.8 Models of the mass transfer coefficient.
14.9 Mass transfer in chemical vapor deposition.
CHAPTER 15: INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER.
15.1 Two-resistance mass transfer theory.
15.2 Mixed control in gas-solid reactions.
15.3 Mass transfer with vaporization.
CHAPTER 16: NUMERICAL METHODS AND MODELS.
16.1 Finite difference approximations.
16.2 Turbulent flow.
16.3 Discretization in convective flows.
APPENDICES.
A. Physical Constants.
B. Thermal Properties.
C. Conversion Factors.
D. Description of Particulate Materials.
E. Flow Measurement Instruments.
F. Derivation of Eq. (9.62) for Semi-infinite Solids.
G. Derivation of Eq. (13.53) for Drive-in Diffusion.
Index.
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