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目次
目次
1 Introduction to Physiology /1
1.1 Organization of the Body /2
1.2 Fundamental Characteristics of Living Organisms/ 7
1.3 The Internal Environment and Homeostasis /8
2 The Cell: Structure and Function /16
2.1 Cell Structure /17
2.2 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions /19
2.3 General Cell Functions /21
3 Cell Membrane Transport /23
3.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Transport /24
3.2 Rate of Transport/ 30
3.3 Passive Transport /31
3.4 Active Transport /36
3.5 Osmosis: Passive Transport of Water Across Membranes/ 40
3.6 Transport of Material Within Membrane-Bound Compartments /44
3.7 Epithelial Transport: Movement of Molecules Across Two Membranes/ 46
4 Chemical Messengers /52
4.1 Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication /53
4.2 Chemical Messengers /54
4.3 Signal Transduction Mechanisms /58
4.4 Long-Distance Communication via the Nervous and Endocrine Systems/ 68
5 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling /72
5.1 Overview of the Nervous System /73
5.2 Cells of the Nervous System /74
5.3 Establishment of the Resting Membrane Potential /79
5.4 Electrical Signaling Through Changes in Membrane Potential/ 85
5.5 Maintaining Neural Stability/ 96
6 Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration /100
6.1 Electrical Synapses /101
6.2 Chemical Synapses /101
6.3 Neural Integration /107
6.4 Presynaptic Modulation 109
6.5 Neurotransmitters: Structure,Synthesis, and Degradation /110
7 The Nervous System: Central Nervous System /120
7.1 General Anatomy of the Central Nervous System /121
7.2 The Spinal Cord /129
7.3 The Brain /133
7.4 Integrated CNS Function: Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes /140
7.5 Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control /142
7.6 Integrated CNS Function:Language /146
7.7 Integrated CNS Function: Sleep /147
7.8 Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation /150
7.9 Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory /151
8 The Nervous System: Sensory System /158
8.1 General Principles of Sensory Physiology /159
8.2 The Somatosensory System /166
8.3 Vision /174
8.4 The Ear and Hearing /189
8.5 The Ear and Equilibrium /196
8.6 Taste /200
8.7 Olfaction /201
9 The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems /208
9.1 The Autonomic Nervous System /209
9.2 The Somatic Nervous System /221
10 Muscle Physiology /227
10.1 Skeletal Muscle Structure /228
10.2 The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle /232
10.3 The Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction /236
10.4 Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity /245
10.5 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle /248
11 The Cardiovascular System:Cardiac Function /256
11.1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System /257
11.2 The Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart and Vasculature /259
11.3 Anatomy of the Heart /262
11.4 Electrical Activity of the Heart /264
11.5 The Cardiac Cycle /273
11.6 Cardiac Output and Its Control /278
12 The Cardiovascular System:Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure /291
12.1 Physical Laws Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure /292
12.2 Overview of the Vasculature/295
12.3 Arteries /295
12.4 Arterioles /299
12.5 Capillaries and Venules /307
12.6 Veins /313
12.7 The Lymphatic System /316
12.8 Mean Arterial Pressure and Its Regulation /316
12.9 Other Cardiovascular Regulatory Processes /324
13 The Cardiovascular System:Blood /330
13.1 Overview of the Composition of Blood: The Hematocrit /331
13.2 Plasma /332
13.3 Erythrocytes /332
13.4 Leukocytes /337
13.5 Platelets and Hemostasis /339
13.6 Blood Groups and Transfusion /343
14 The Respiratory System:Pulmonary Ventilation /348
14.1 Overview of Respiratory Function /349
14.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System /349
14.3 Forces for Pulmonary Ventilation /357
14.4 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation /362
14.5 Clinical Significance of Respiratory Volumes and Air Flows /366
15 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing /373
15.1 Overview of the Pulmonary Circulation /374
15.2 Diffusion of Gases/ 375
15.3 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide /379
15.4 Transport of Gases in the Blood /382
15.5 Central Regulation of Ventilation /388
15.6 Control of Ventilation by Chemoreceptors /392
15.7 Local Regulation of Ventilation and Perfusion /395
15.8 The Respiratory System in Acid-Base Homeostasis /397
16 The Urinary System: Renal Function /403
16.1 Functions of the Urinary System /404
16.2 Anatomy of the Urinary System /405
16.3 Basic Renal Exchange Processes /409
16.4 Regional Specialization of the Renal Tubules /418
16.5 Excretion /419
17 The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance /429
17.1 The Concept of Balance/ 430
17.2 Water Balance/ 431
17.3 Sodium Balance/ 441
17.4 Potassium Balance/ 445
17.5 Calcium Balance /446
17.6 Interactions Between Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation /449
17.7 Acid-Base Balance/ 450
18 The Gastrointestinal System /456
18.1 Overview of Gastrointestinal System Processes /457
18.2 Functional Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System /457
18.3 Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Water/ 469
18.4 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Regulation /477
18.5 Gastrointestinal Secretion and Its Regulation /480
18.6 Gastrointestinal Motility and Its Regulation/ 483
19 The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions /491
19.1 Primary Endocrine Organs/ 493
19.2 Secondary Endocrine Organs /499
19.3 Hormone Actions at the Target Cell/ 500
19.4 Abnormal Secretion of Hormones /503
19.5 Hormone Interactions /504
20 The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth /508
20.1 An Overview of Whole-Body Metabolism /509
20.2 Energy Intake, Utilization, and Storage /509
20.3 Energy Balance /511
20.4 Energy Metabolism During the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States /513
20.5 Regulation of Absorptive and Postabsorptive Metabolism /516
20.6 Thermoregulation/ 520
20.7 Hormonal Regulation of Growth /523
20.8 Thyroid Hormones /528
20.9 Glucocorticoids /530
21 The Reproductive System/536
21.1 An Overview of Reproductive Physiology /537
21.2 The Male Reproductive System/ 543
21.3 The Female Reproductive System/ 551
21.4 Fertilization, Implantation, and Pregnancy /560
21.5 Parturition and Lactation /566
Answers/ 573
Appendix/ 581
Suggested Readings and Websites /583
Index/ 585
1.1 Organization of the Body /2
1.2 Fundamental Characteristics of Living Organisms/ 7
1.3 The Internal Environment and Homeostasis /8
2 The Cell: Structure and Function /16
2.1 Cell Structure /17
2.2 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions /19
2.3 General Cell Functions /21
3 Cell Membrane Transport /23
3.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Transport /24
3.2 Rate of Transport/ 30
3.3 Passive Transport /31
3.4 Active Transport /36
3.5 Osmosis: Passive Transport of Water Across Membranes/ 40
3.6 Transport of Material Within Membrane-Bound Compartments /44
3.7 Epithelial Transport: Movement of Molecules Across Two Membranes/ 46
4 Chemical Messengers /52
4.1 Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication /53
4.2 Chemical Messengers /54
4.3 Signal Transduction Mechanisms /58
4.4 Long-Distance Communication via the Nervous and Endocrine Systems/ 68
5 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling /72
5.1 Overview of the Nervous System /73
5.2 Cells of the Nervous System /74
5.3 Establishment of the Resting Membrane Potential /79
5.4 Electrical Signaling Through Changes in Membrane Potential/ 85
5.5 Maintaining Neural Stability/ 96
6 Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration /100
6.1 Electrical Synapses /101
6.2 Chemical Synapses /101
6.3 Neural Integration /107
6.4 Presynaptic Modulation 109
6.5 Neurotransmitters: Structure,Synthesis, and Degradation /110
7 The Nervous System: Central Nervous System /120
7.1 General Anatomy of the Central Nervous System /121
7.2 The Spinal Cord /129
7.3 The Brain /133
7.4 Integrated CNS Function: Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes /140
7.5 Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control /142
7.6 Integrated CNS Function:Language /146
7.7 Integrated CNS Function: Sleep /147
7.8 Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation /150
7.9 Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory /151
8 The Nervous System: Sensory System /158
8.1 General Principles of Sensory Physiology /159
8.2 The Somatosensory System /166
8.3 Vision /174
8.4 The Ear and Hearing /189
8.5 The Ear and Equilibrium /196
8.6 Taste /200
8.7 Olfaction /201
9 The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems /208
9.1 The Autonomic Nervous System /209
9.2 The Somatic Nervous System /221
10 Muscle Physiology /227
10.1 Skeletal Muscle Structure /228
10.2 The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle /232
10.3 The Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction /236
10.4 Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity /245
10.5 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle /248
11 The Cardiovascular System:Cardiac Function /256
11.1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System /257
11.2 The Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart and Vasculature /259
11.3 Anatomy of the Heart /262
11.4 Electrical Activity of the Heart /264
11.5 The Cardiac Cycle /273
11.6 Cardiac Output and Its Control /278
12 The Cardiovascular System:Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure /291
12.1 Physical Laws Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure /292
12.2 Overview of the Vasculature/295
12.3 Arteries /295
12.4 Arterioles /299
12.5 Capillaries and Venules /307
12.6 Veins /313
12.7 The Lymphatic System /316
12.8 Mean Arterial Pressure and Its Regulation /316
12.9 Other Cardiovascular Regulatory Processes /324
13 The Cardiovascular System:Blood /330
13.1 Overview of the Composition of Blood: The Hematocrit /331
13.2 Plasma /332
13.3 Erythrocytes /332
13.4 Leukocytes /337
13.5 Platelets and Hemostasis /339
13.6 Blood Groups and Transfusion /343
14 The Respiratory System:Pulmonary Ventilation /348
14.1 Overview of Respiratory Function /349
14.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System /349
14.3 Forces for Pulmonary Ventilation /357
14.4 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation /362
14.5 Clinical Significance of Respiratory Volumes and Air Flows /366
15 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing /373
15.1 Overview of the Pulmonary Circulation /374
15.2 Diffusion of Gases/ 375
15.3 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide /379
15.4 Transport of Gases in the Blood /382
15.5 Central Regulation of Ventilation /388
15.6 Control of Ventilation by Chemoreceptors /392
15.7 Local Regulation of Ventilation and Perfusion /395
15.8 The Respiratory System in Acid-Base Homeostasis /397
16 The Urinary System: Renal Function /403
16.1 Functions of the Urinary System /404
16.2 Anatomy of the Urinary System /405
16.3 Basic Renal Exchange Processes /409
16.4 Regional Specialization of the Renal Tubules /418
16.5 Excretion /419
17 The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance /429
17.1 The Concept of Balance/ 430
17.2 Water Balance/ 431
17.3 Sodium Balance/ 441
17.4 Potassium Balance/ 445
17.5 Calcium Balance /446
17.6 Interactions Between Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation /449
17.7 Acid-Base Balance/ 450
18 The Gastrointestinal System /456
18.1 Overview of Gastrointestinal System Processes /457
18.2 Functional Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System /457
18.3 Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Water/ 469
18.4 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Regulation /477
18.5 Gastrointestinal Secretion and Its Regulation /480
18.6 Gastrointestinal Motility and Its Regulation/ 483
19 The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions /491
19.1 Primary Endocrine Organs/ 493
19.2 Secondary Endocrine Organs /499
19.3 Hormone Actions at the Target Cell/ 500
19.4 Abnormal Secretion of Hormones /503
19.5 Hormone Interactions /504
20 The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth /508
20.1 An Overview of Whole-Body Metabolism /509
20.2 Energy Intake, Utilization, and Storage /509
20.3 Energy Balance /511
20.4 Energy Metabolism During the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States /513
20.5 Regulation of Absorptive and Postabsorptive Metabolism /516
20.6 Thermoregulation/ 520
20.7 Hormonal Regulation of Growth /523
20.8 Thyroid Hormones /528
20.9 Glucocorticoids /530
21 The Reproductive System/536
21.1 An Overview of Reproductive Physiology /537
21.2 The Male Reproductive System/ 543
21.3 The Female Reproductive System/ 551
21.4 Fertilization, Implantation, and Pregnancy /560
21.5 Parturition and Lactation /566
Answers/ 573
Appendix/ 581
Suggested Readings and Websites /583
Index/ 585
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