美國憲法：基本原則與案例

「美國憲法／基本原則與案例」一書之編纂，係為提供基礎英美法教學與學習之用，內容包括「聯邦司法權」（Federal Judicial Power）、「聯邦立法權」（Federal Legislative Power）、「聯邦行政權」（Federal Executive Power）、「聯邦主義及憲法增修條文第10條」（Federalism and the Tenth Amendment）、「人權法案及內戰後增修條文」（The Bill of Rights and the Civil War Amendments）、「法律正當程序」（Due Process of Law）、「法律平等保護原則」（Equal Protection of the Laws）、「言論自由」（Freedom of Speech）、「結社自由及新聞自由」（Freedom of Association and Press）及「宗教自由」（Freedom of Religion）等。
本書之各章節內容主要分為兩大部分，即相關基本原則摘要及重要案例選錄。原則摘要部分為便於入門瞭解，係以中文為之，協助讀者建立對美國憲法之架構性認識，案例部分則係針對章節主題進行節錄編輯，期能協助讀者在具備基本原則認識的前提下，進行實際判決之深入研讀，除理解英美法之相關法律原理原則外，並能學習增進法理論證之能力。

編著者簡介
姚思遠
東吳大學法學院教授
愛荷華大學法學博士
美國加州律師

范秀羽
東吳大學法學院副教授
加州大學柏克萊分校法學博士
美國紐約州律師／中華民國律師

李劍非
理律法律事務所合夥人
哈佛大學法學碩士
中華民國律師

Introduction　1

Chapter 1. Federal Judicial Power　3
　Section 1. Judicial Review　3
MARBURY v. MADISON　4
　Section 2. Constitutional Interpretation　13
McCULLOCH v. MARYLAND　14
　Section 3. Limits on Judicial Review: Political Questions　23
BAKER v. CARR　25
NIXON v. UNITED STATES　29
　Section 4. Limits on Judicial Review: Standing　32
ALLEN v. WRIGHT　33
LUJAN v. DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE　41

Chapter 2. Federal Legislative Power　53
　Section 1. The Commerce Clause　53
GIBBONS v. OGDEN　55
WICKARD v. FILBURN　57
UNITED STATES v. LOPEZ　60
UNITED STATES v. MORRISON　70
GONZALES v. RAICH　78
　Section 2. Taxing and Spending Powers　91
UNITED STATES v. BUTLER　92
SABRI v. UNITED STATES　95
NATIONAL FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT BUSINESS v. SEBELIUS　99
BAILEY v. DREXEL FURNITURE CO.　113
　Section 3. Necessary and Proper Clause　119
UNITED STATES v. COMSTOCK　120

Chapter 3. Federal Executive Power　137
　Section 1. Inherent Presidential Power　137
YOUNGSTOWN SHEET & TUBE CO. v. SAWYER　137
　Section 2. Congress’ Delegation　147
A. L. A. SCHECHTER POULTRY CORP. v. UNITED STATES　149
PANAMA REFINING CO. v. RYAN　152
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE v. CHADHA　160
KING v. BURWELL　169
　Section 3. War and Foreign Affairs　186
UNITED STATES v. CURTISS-WRIGHT EXPORT CORP.　186
HAMDI v. RUMSFELD　189
　Section 4. Executive Privilege　202
UNITED STATES v. NIXON　203
　Section 5. Presidential Immunity　208
NIXON v. FITZGERALD　208
CLINTON v. JONES　212

Chapter 4. Federalism and the Tenth Amendment　219
　Section 1. The Tenth Amendment　219
UNITED STATES v. DARBY　220
GARCIA v. SAN ANTONIO METROPOLITAN TRANSIT AUTHORITY　223
NEW YORK v. UNITED STATES　239
　Section 2. Conditions on Grants to State Governments　253
SOUTH DAKOTA v. DOLE　254

Chapter 5. The Bill of Rights and the Civil War Amendments　263
　Section 1. Bill of Rights　264
　Section 2. The Civil War Amendments　266
UNITED STATES v. STANLEY (THE CIVIL RIGHTS CASES)　267
　Section 3. The Incorporation of the Bill of Rights　275
PALKO v. CONNECTICUT　276
DUNCAN v. LOUISIANA　278

Chapter 6. Due Process of Law　285
　Section 1. Procedural Due Process　285
GOLDBERG v. KELLY　286
CLEVELAND BOARD OF EDUCATION v. LOUDERMILL　290
MATHEWS v. ELDRIDGE　293
　Section 2. Substantive Due Process: Non-Fundamental Rights　299
LOCHNER v. NEW YORK　301
WILLIAMSON v. LEE OPTICAL CO.　307
KELO v. CITY OF NEW LONDON　310
KOONTZ v. ST. JOHNS RIVER WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT　320
ALLIED STRUCTURAL STEEL CO. v. SPANNAUS　328
KAHLER v. KANSAS　334
　Section 3. Substantive Due Process: Privacy　340
GRISWOLD v. CONNECTICUT　343
ROE v. WADE　349
PLANNED PARENTHOOD OF SOUTHEASTRN PA. v. CASEY　354
WHOLE WOMAN’S HEALTH v. HELLERSTEDT　369
JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES LLC v. RUSSO　377
LAWRENCE v. TEXAS　380
OBERGEFELL v. HODGES　389
WASHINGTON v. GLUCKSBERG　407

Chapter 7. Equal Protection of the Laws　417
　Section 1. Introduction　417
　Section 2. Economic and Social Laws―The “Mere Rationality” Test　417
U.S. RAILROAD RETIREMENT BD. v. FRITZ　418
　Section 3. Suspect Classifications: Race　425
1. The Unconstitutionality of Racial Segregation　425
BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION　426
2. Racially Discriminatory Purpose and Effect　430
WASHINGTON v. DAVIS　430
3. Affirmative Action and Race Preferences　437
GRUTTER v. BOLLINGER　438
FISHER v. UNIVERSITY OF TAXAS AT AUSTIN (FISHER I)　446
FISHER v. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN (FISHER II)　449
RICHMOND v. J.A. CROSON CO.　456
　Section 4. Suspect Classification: National Origin　470
KOREMATSU v. UNITED STATES　470
　Section 5. Suspect Classification: Alienage　475
PLYLER v. DOE　476
　Section 6. Other Classifications　480
1. Gender and Illegitimacy　481
CRAIG v. BOREN　481
UNITED STATES v. VIRGINIA　486
2. Disability, Age and Wealth　497
CLEBURNE v. CLEBURNE LIVING CENTER, INC.　497
3. Sexual Orientation　506
ROMER v. EVANS　507
　Section 7. Fundamental Rights　516
REYNOLDS v. SIMS　517
M.L.B. v. S.L.J.　522

Chapter 8. Freedom of Speech　529
　Section 1. Introduction　529
UNITED STATES v. STEVENS　530
　Section 2. Advocacy of Imminent Lawless Action　535
BRANDENBURG v. OHIO　535
　Section 3. Fighting Words and Hostile Audiences　537
COHEN v. CALIFORNIA　538
　Section 4. Injury to Reputation and Sensibility　541
1. Libel　541
NEW YORK TIMES CO. v. SULLIVAN　542
2. Tortious Speech　548
SNYDER v. PHELPS　549
3. Hate Speech　557
VIRGINIA v. BLACK　557
　Section 5. Obscenity　564
MILLER v. CALIFORNIA　565
GINSBERG v. NEW YORK　569
　Section 6. Commercial Speech　574
44 LIQUORMART, INC. v. RHODE ISLAND　575
　Section 7. Different Standards of Review for Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulations　584
UNITED STATES v. O’BRIEN　585
TEXAS v. JOHNSON　591
MATAL v. TAM　598
IANCU v. BRUNETTI　603
　Section 8. Regulation of Political Contribution, Expenditure, and Activity　607
CITIZENS UNITED v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION　607

Chapter 9. Freedom of Association and Press　617
　Section 1. Freedom of Association　617
NAACP v. ALABAMA　617
　Section 2. Freedom of Press　621
NEW YORK TIMES CO. v. UNITED STATES　622
BRANZBURG v. HAYES　630

Chapter 10. Freedom of Religion　637
　Section 1. The Establishment Clause　637
EDWARDS v. AGUILLARD　638
ZELMAN v. SIMMONS-HARRIS　644
　Section 2. The Free Exercise of Religion　654
CHURCH OF THE LUKUMI BABALU AYE v. CITY OF HIALEAH　655
EMPLOYMENT DIVISION, DEPT. OF HUMAN RESOURCES v. SMITH　660

Appendix　669
　The Constitution of the United States　669