百家姓(雙語版)（簡體書）

王榮華

1998—2002年任中國駐冰島共和國大使，現任國際儒學聯合會顧問、外交筆會理事、對外經濟貿易大學中國語言文學學院特聘教授、濟南大學客座教授、國際中西哲學比較研究會會員。著有：英文作品The Story of China Studies和The Rooster Crows，譯註作品《聲律啟蒙》、《三字經》、《千字文》和《千家詩》，編註作品《百家姓》，以及中文作品《四方步，六人行——國學大師的故事》等。

Part ICommon Knowledge about Family Names

上編百家姓的基本常識
AThe Sources of Chinese Names /

一、中國姓名的由來/

BThe Uniqueness of Chinese Names /

二、中國姓名的特點/

CThe Usage of Chinese names /

三、中國姓名的使用/

Part IIPoetry about Family Names and Related Stories

中編百家姓趣談

DPoems about Family Names /

四、姓氏詩歌/

EStories behind Family Names /

五、姓名背後的故事/

Part IIITodays Efforts in Popularizing Family Names

下編百家姓的當代承傳

FTodays Efforts in Popularizing the Primer /

六、百家姓的推廣/

Books of Reference /

文末參考文獻/

Stories behind Family Names五、姓名背後的故事

There are stories behind each and every Chinese family name?We wish to unfold the stories behind two Chinese family names in this book，they are Xie（謝）and Liu（柳）?Xie（謝）is placed at the 34th in the table of family names we provided above?Liu（柳）is placed at the 60th?
每一個中國姓後面都有故事。為此我們選了兩個姓來講一講，分別是“謝”姓和“柳”姓。謝姓在《百家姓》裡排第34位，柳姓排第60位。
Now，let?s look at Xie（謝），which was the name of a kinglet established by the 7th son of the Yellow Emperor?After it was wiped out by King Xuan of the Zhou，its people used Xie as their family name? Then，King Xuan of the Zhou gave the Kinglet Xie to his uncle who established the State of Shen at where the Kinglet was；sometime later the Kingdom of Chu defeated the State of Shen，the survivors in the state also used“Xie”as their family name?Some minorities，Gaoche（高車）for instance，also used“Xie”as their family name，a most notable example is Xie Yan（謝偃，599?643）in the Tang Dynasty，whose original family name was Zhi Le（直勒）in the Gaoche minority?
謝本是黃帝第7個兒子建立的小國的名字。後來，周宣王滅了謝國，其子民就用“謝”作姓了。周宣王將謝國所在的地方給了他的舅舅，他的舅舅建立了申國，申國被楚國消滅後，其子民也用“謝”姓。歷史上也有少數民族取“謝”姓，譬如“高車”族。唐朝的謝偃（公元599年―公元643年），是高車族，其原姓是“直勒”。
We shall now concentrate on one particular Xie family，which emerged in a place called“Chen Prefecture”，which is some where around today?s Taikang County in Henan Province at the end of the Eastern Jin period?Some historians regard this family as the most flamboyant family in China?s history?Because it had produced many famous and important figures?The first man who was known to the public from the family was Xie Zuan（謝纘，214?282）?He was a middle ranking official in charge of agriculture in Kingdom of Wei?Xie Zuan is a direct descendant of Earl Shen，who established the State of Shen，in the 35th generation?His son Xie Heng（謝衡，240?300）did much better than him in the government ?Xie Heng was the tutor of the crown prince，the tutor was a second?ranking position?He was later a standing?by counselor of the emperor and the rector of the Imperial College?
以下我們主要講東晉末年出現於陳郡的謝家。陳郡位於現在河南省的太康縣。一些歷史學家稱此家族為中國歷史上最華麗的家族。因為這個家族產生了很多知名且重要的人物。此家族第一個在社會上有些名聲的是謝纘（公元214年―公元282年）。他在三國時的魏國任典農中郎將。他是建立了申國的申伯的第35代孫。他的兒子謝衡（公元240年―公元300年）則比他強，擔任過官階二品的太子少傅、散騎常侍和國子祭酒等職務。
Xie Heng had three sons；all of them were pillars of the society?The elder one was Xie Kun（謝鯤，281 A?D??324 A?D?），who became famous during his youth for ability of singing and playing of lute?He was well versed in Dao de jing and The Book of Changes?He was slovenly and indifferent to other?s attitude toward him?Once，a local administrative chief wanted to punish him by whipping on some lame excuse，he accepted it without a wince and when the chief changed his idea he didn?t show any expression for not having to suffer?Unlike his father，who adored Confucian thoughts，he changed and embraced metaphysics，which was a fashion in the Jin Dynasty?Such a change lifted the social position of his family，and made him a political star and was for sometime“a hope of the imperial court”?Yet，the highest position he held was a prefecture administrative head at Yuzhang?
謝衡有三子，每個都成了國家的棟樑之材。他的長子謝鯤（公元281年―公元324年）弱冠知名，能歌善鼓琴，精通《老子》和《易經》。他不修威儀，不在乎別人如何對待他。一次，一個地方官出於站不住腳的理由要對他進行鞭撻，他解衣就罰，毫無忤容。釋之，又無喜色。與他崇尚儒學的父親不同的是，他篤信玄學。這種改變，不但使謝氏在玄學盛行的晉朝提升了社會地位，也使他自己成為人氣明星，被譽為“朝廷之望”。然而，他做官最高只做到了豫章太守。
The second son of Xie Heng was Xie Pou（謝裒，282 A?D??346 A?D?）?He was able to write beautiful essays when he was very young?He was Minister of Personnel in the Eastern Jin Dynasty? Xie Heng?s third son was Xie Guang（謝廣）. Unfortunately，the only thing we know about Xie Guang is that he was once a minister in the Eastern Jin Dynasty?
謝衡的二子是謝裒（公元282年―公元346年）。謝裒年幼時就因善寫文章而有名，後來官至東晉的吏部尚書。謝衡的三子叫謝廣，在東晉曾任六部尚書。
The middle term of the Eastern Jin Dynasty saw a brilliant and fabulous period of the Xie Family，which was composed of mostly the great grandsons of Xie Zuan?There were 8 of them headed by Xie An（謝安，320 A?D?? 385 A?D?），who already enjoyed a high reputation during his youth?He refused several times offers of official positions?He preferred a leisurely life with men of letters either on a boat in some lakes or high up in the mountain；and when they were inside they would write or croon their poems and prose?Yet，after his elder brother Xie Yi（謝奕，309 A?D??358 A?D?）passed away on his post of Yuzhou Supervisor and after his younger brother Xie Wan（謝萬，320 A?D??361 A?D?）lost a critical battle，the power of the Xie family was being threatened，he realized he had to come to the forefront and became a military commander in Huan Wen?s（桓溫，312 A?D??373 A?D?）troops?
東晉中期是謝氏家族最輝煌和最榮耀的時期。這時的謝家主要人物是謝纘的曾孫，謝安（公元320年―公元385年）就是其曾孫之一。謝安年輕時就小有名氣。一直有人請他出來做官，他都拒絕了。他更傾向清閒的生活，更願意與文人名士交遊，出則漁弋山水，入則吟詠屬文。然而，當他的長兄謝奕（公元309年―公元358年）在豫州刺史任上去世，他的弟弟謝萬（公元320年―公元361年）在一場關鍵的戰役失敗，謝氏的權勢受到了很大的威脅後，他才有了做官的志趣，並在桓溫（公元312年―公元373年）的部隊里當起了司馬。
Before long，Xie An became the Prime Minister of Eastern Jin?At this time，there were 16 states in the northern part of China，and one of them was the Prior Qin（or Qian Qin）State?The ruler of Prior Qin was Fu Jian（苻堅，338 A?D??385 A?D?），who was a very ambitious person and wanted to annex the other 15 states in the north and conquer the south?The Eastern Jin Dynasty was his main obstacle，so in 383 he decided to wage a war against the Eastern Jin Dynasty and he mobilized an army of almost one million men?
不久，謝安就當上了東晉總攬朝政的第一大臣。此時，中國北方有十六國，其中之一便是前秦。前秦的統治者是苻堅（公元338年―公元385年）。苻堅野心勃勃，想統一北方其他15國，亦想征服南方。東晉是他實現野心的主要障礙。故此，在公元383年他動員了百萬兵馬，發動了針對東晉的戰爭。

Xie An，to counter against the move of the Prior Qin，made a resolute decision：he named his younger brother Xie Shi（謝石，327 A?D??389 A?D?），who was a deputy Prime Minister at the time，as the Commander in Chief；his nephew Xie Xuan（謝玄，343 A?D??388 A?D?），who was the Supervisor at Yanzhou，as the general of the vanguard army and his son Xie Yan（謝琰，352 A?D??400 A?D?）as another general?The army to fight against the invaders only numbered eighty thousand?His decision was very much reproached，since he was using his relatives in the leading body of the army ?However，Xie An knew what he was doing，which was to put the right person on the right spot?Xie Xuan remarked when he replied to questions：“This is going to war and to die for the state，not seeking personal gains! ”
為了應對苻堅的進攻，謝安果斷任命其弟、尚書僕射謝石（公元327年―公元389年）為征討大都督，任命其侄子、兗州刺史謝玄（公元343年―公元388年）為前鋒都督，任命其子謝琰（公元352年―公元400年）為輔國將軍，率兵8萬迎敵。這支部隊中，將領均為謝氏家庭人員，當時受到頗多非議。孰不知，謝安這樣安排實則是知人善任。謝玄在回答質問時說：“這是去打仗，為國家獻身，豈為個人功名！”
The Feishui River was lying between the two armies?Xie Shi wisely decided to attack the enemy as soon as his troops arrived at the river since his opponent was arriving and not yet ready to fight?Xie Xuan fought the first battle，he attacked the vanguard troops of the enemy from both the front and the back?As a result，the commander and 15 thousand men of the enemy were killed?
淝水橫在兩軍之間。謝石非常明智，趁敵軍尚未在對岸就位，快速展開攻擊。謝玄領軍打了第一仗，他不但正面進攻，還從後面對敵軍進行包抄，使敵軍前鋒的司令和1?5萬名士兵被消滅。
When the rest of Fu Jian?s troops were arrayed on the other side of the river，Xie Xuan sent an envoy to see Fu Jian and told him：“The way you lined up your troops is for a protracted war and not for a swift victory?If you move your troops back a little bit and make it possible for the Jin troops to cross the river，we can have a decisive battle?Is it a good idea?”All officers in the Prior Qin army opposed such an idea， only Fu Jian alone thought he could meet this ruse with his own，which was to dash out with his cavalry onto the Jin troops when half of them had crossed the river?So，he told the envoy he would move back his troops and he did move his troops somewhat backwards?
當苻堅的部隊在河的對岸布好陣之後，謝玄就派使者去見他，對他說：“你緊挨著河岸布陣，這是想打持久戰，不是速勝的辦法。你若將你的部隊往後挪一挪，讓晉軍能夠渡河，再決勝負，你看如何？”前秦諸將都反對這個做法，但苻堅認為可以將計就計，讓軍隊稍向後退，待晉軍的一半渡過河時，再以騎兵衝殺，這樣就可以取得勝利。於是他就答應了謝玄的要求，指揮秦軍後撤。
Very much to the surprise of Fu Jian，his men were in low morale and when they moved back，their formations were rendered into confusion?On the contrary，Xie Xuan and his eight thousand cavalrymen crossed the river very quickly and then stormed onto the Prior Qin troops?At this juncture，Xie Xuan?s agents were crying out among the enemy soldiers，“The Prior Qin is defeated!”When the Prior Qin troops heard such shouting，they turned their backs and started to run away?The commanding officer of the Prior Qin troops tried to stop his retreating men，but his horse fell and he was hatched to death by the Jin cavalrymen?
讓苻堅吃驚的是，他的士兵士氣低落，往後撤時陣勢大亂。此時，謝玄率領8 000多騎兵，搶渡淝水，向先秦軍猛攻。打入敵營內部的晉軍趁勢大喊：“秦軍敗了！”秦軍聽到這話，紛紛轉身奔逃。秦軍的指揮官見狀，前去阻止，不料其戰馬被亂兵沖倒，他自己也被追兵砍死。
The vanguard troops of Prior Qin were totally crumbled.Their flight caused terror in the rear troops and every man was fleeing helter?skelter?They were so nervous that when they heard the wind blow and crying of cranes，they thought the Jin cavalrymen were chasing after them?As a result，many of them were stamped to death by horses；their dead bodies even blocked the flowing water in the river?Fu Jian himself was wounded by an arrow?When they finally got back to their capital，they found out only 100 thousand men survived?When the news of victory came，Xie An was playing chess with his guest?He only looked at the report，put it aside and continued his chess without showing the slightest trace of excitement over the victory?Yet，his guest was anxious to know what the news was and he asked what the report was?Xie An replied calmly：“My children won the battle?”Hearing this，his guest was not able to go onplaying chess，he run away to tell others about the victory?Seeing his friend gone，Xie An could no longer check his feelings，as a matter of fact，he was so carried away by his excitement that he even broke his clog when crossing a doorsill?
秦軍的先鋒部隊徹底崩潰了。他們的潰敗引起後續部隊的恐慌。每個人都狼狽逃竄。他們聽到風聲鶴叫，都以為是晉軍追來。結果，秦兵很多人馬相踏而死，其屍首充塞了大河。苻堅本人也中箭受傷。他們逃回自己的都城時僅剩10萬人馬。當勝利的消息傳來時，謝安正在家跟客人下棋。他看完了謝石送來的捷報，不露聲色，隨手把捷報放在旁邊，照樣下棋。客人想知道傳來了什麼消息，謝安慢吞吞地說：“孩子們到底把秦人打敗了。”客人聽了，高興得不想再下棋，想趕快把這個好消息告訴別人，就走了。謝安送走客人，再也按捺不住興奮的心情，跨過門檻的時候，踉踉蹌蹌的，把腳上木屐的齒也碰斷了。
This war has been known in history as“The War at Feishui River”，has been regarded as a fine example of defeating troops of a larger number by a force of small number，and has been described as an event that shook the ancient times and illuminating the present?Because of such achievement，the four“Xies”in the army were ennobled as dukes on the same day?The dukedom marked an elevation of the social status of the Xie family?In the 272 years from 317 to 589 there had been over 100 persons in 12 generations in the family who had been recorded down in historic books as high ranking officials or military officers?
這場戰爭就是歷史上著名的“淝水之戰”。此戰是以少勝多的範例，被形容為“震古爍今”的事件。這樣大的成績，使得謝家在軍隊裡的四個人同日封公，提高了謝氏在社會上的地位。從公元317年到公元589年的272年裡，謝氏家族12代里共100多人被錄入史傳，他們不是朝廷裡的高官就是軍隊裡的將領。
During the golden age of the Xie family，they were very rich?Take Xie Hun（謝混，？?412 A?D?），who was Xie An?s grandson and son of Xie Yan，or to put it in another way ?he was an offspring of two dukes，he therefore owned land at more than ten places and his servants numbered over one thousand?Xie Lingyun（謝靈運，385 A?D??433 A?D?），the grandson of Xie Xuan also owned large tracts of land，which included two mountains and five orchard gardens?
謝氏在他們的黃金時期非常富有。以謝混（？―公元412年）為例，由於其祖父謝安、父親謝琰都是公爵，因此他擁有大片的土地，其僮僕千餘人。謝玄的孫子謝靈運（公元385年―公元433年）除了擁有大片土地外，還擁有兩座山和5個果園。
The Xie family also produced quite a number of literary talents，most notably among them are Xie Daoyun（謝道韞，349 A?D??409 A?D?），Xie Lingyun（謝靈運）and Xie Tiao（謝眺，464 A? D??499 A?D?）.We discussed Xie Daoyun previously in the Three Character a Line Chant with the following words：“Xie Daoyun（謝道韞，349 A?D??409 A?D?）is as famous as Cai Wenji，she was the niece of the well known general Xie An and daughter?in?law of the famous calligrapher Wang Xizhi?She was said，on two occasions，to have saved the face of the brother of her husband during debates when she took over from them and triumphed over their opponents with her resourcefulness and high ability in composing high quality lyrics?Unlike her husband，who was weak in nature，she fought against those who took the city，of which her husband was the Chief Administrator?Together with one of her grandsons，she was captured by the rebels，who finally released them out of their respect for the talented lady?But，she spent the rest of her life in misery?”What we wish to add is that her father isXie Yi，a brother of Xie An?Xie An was so fond of this niece of his that he even arranged her marriage?She was not only a talented lady of the Eastern Jin，she has also been reputed as a human phoenix in China?
謝氏出了一些文學天才，最知名的有謝道韞（公元349年―公元409年），謝靈運和謝眺（公元464年―公元499年）。我們在《三字經》裡曾這樣討論謝道韞：“謝道韞和蔡文姬一樣有名。她是大將軍謝安的侄女，是大書法家王羲之的兒媳婦。據說，她曾兩次挽回她小叔子的面子。有一次，她的小叔子辯論時落了下風，她站出來，依靠自己的機敏和賦詩的能力戰勝了對手。她的丈夫性格柔弱，雖然當了知府，但是在造反的士兵來到城下時，他卻不發兵抵抗。謝道韞則與守城的將士一同戰鬥。雖然最後她和孫兒一起被俘，但叛軍出於對這位才女的尊敬，還是放了她。但是，她晚年的境遇很淒慘。 ”這裡要補充的是，其父是謝奕，謝奕是謝安的哥哥。謝安非常喜歡他的這位侄女，她的婚姻就是謝安撮合的。謝道韞不僅是東晉的才女，在中國還被譽為“人中鳳凰”。
Xie Lingyun，the grandson of Xie Xuan and the great grandson of Xie Yi?Xie Lingyun inherited the dukedom from his grandfather as the Duke of Kangle at the age of 18，so he was also addressed to as Xie Kangle?Xie Lingyun is the pathfinder of China?s landscape poetry?His poems are full of novel mindset，beautiful diction and convincing rhetoric?He once boasted：“if there were 10 decaliter of talent in the world，Cao Zhi（曹植，192 A?D??232 A ?D?，a poet in the Three?Kingdoms period）would own eight，I own one and the rest of the world from ancient time till now will share the remaining one?”The great poet of Tang Dynasty Li Bai（李白，701 A?D??762 A?D?）adored him very much，he once remarked：“Our poems are only next to that of Kangle?”Almost all Tang poets such as Du Fu（杜甫，712 A?D??770 A?D?），Wang Wei（王維，701 A?D??761 A?D?），Meng Haoran（孟浩然，689 A?D??740 A?D?），WeiYingwu（韋應物，737 A?D??792 A?D?）and Liu Zongyuan（柳宗元，773?819）were influenced by him?
謝靈運是謝玄之孫，謝奕的曾孫，18歲時襲封康樂公。他還是中國山水詩的開創者，其詩意境新奇，辭章絢麗。對於自己的才華，謝靈運曾說，“天下才共一石，子建（曹植，公元192年―公元232年，三國時期詩人）獨得八斗，吾得一斗，自古及今共用一斗”。唐朝大詩人李白（公元701年―公元762年）對謝靈運頗為推崇，曾有“吾人詠歌，獨慚康樂”之句。杜甫（公元712年―公元770年）、王維（公元701年―公元761年，一說公元699年―公元761年）、孟浩然（公元689年―公元740年）、韋應物（公元737年―公元792年）、柳宗元（公元773年―公元819年）等唐朝詩人都曾受過他的影響。
Xie Lingyun is the first one who was recorded in historic books as a great traveler?His poems are full of his love of nature，refreshing，natural and poised cadence?One thing we wish to point out is that the Xie family owned a huge manor ――Shining Manor in today?s Shaoxing City?Some researchers say this manor is even larger than any big plantations in the Rome period?When the manor was passed onto Xie Lingyun，he further enlarged and renovated it?He was exiled to Guangzhou by Emperor Wen of the Song in 431 A?D??In 433 A?D?，he was killed by the so?called reason of“treason”at the age of 49?He was like a meteor that flashed in the sky of history and disappeared as quickly as it came?
謝靈運還是見諸史冊的第一位大旅行家。其詩作充滿道法自然的精神，貫穿著一種清新自然恬靜之韻味。我們還要指出的是，謝氏在當今的紹興市擁有一座莊園――始寧莊園。一些研究人士認為，此莊園比任何羅馬時期的大型種植園都大。此莊園傳到謝靈運手里後，他擴大並修葺了這份家產。公元431年，他被宋文帝流放到廣州。公元433年，他又被以“叛逆”罪名殺害，年僅49歲。他猶如一顆流星，在歷史的天空劃過一道耀眼的光芒後，倏然而逝。
Xie Lingyun was called the“Senior Xie”in reference to the“Junior Xie”――Xie Tiao（謝眺），who is one generation younger than Xie Lingyun and they share the same great great grand father――Xie Pou（謝裒）?The ruling regime was Qi of the Southern Dynasty at Xie Tiao?s time?Xie Tiao was well versed in the cursive and clerical scripts of calligraphy and five?character a line poetry?His poetry was marked by its perfection，aesthetic sense and fluency?He paid much attention to the sound meters，phonology and tones of words in his poetry?His poems were therefore sonorous，easy to pick up and pleasant to ears?
謝靈運人稱“大謝”，既有“大謝”，必有“小謝”。“小謝”就是謝眺。他比謝靈運晚一輩，兩人的高祖是謝裒。到了謝眺的時候，當政的就是南朝的齊朝了。史書說謝眺“善草隸，長五言詩”。他的詩以圓美流轉著稱，且講究聲律、韻律和聲調，因此其詩音調和諧，容易上口，悅耳動聽。
Xiao Yan（蕭衍，464 A?D??549 A?D?），the ruler of Liang，which replaced the Qi Regime，once said，“I have a filthy mouth if I haven?t read Xie Tiao?s poems in three days”? Du Fu thought，“every piece of Xie Tiao?s poem is good to croon”?Li Bai admired Xie Tiao as well?He mentioned Xie Tiao many times in his poems?He also visited Xuancheng city many times， Xie Tiao was the administrative chief of that city for some time?After Xie Tiao left the city，its citizens built a tower to remember him?Every time Li Bai was in Xuancheng he would climb up the tower to remember Xie Tiao and during one such visit he wrote Ascending the North Xie Tiao Tower in Autumn，which goes：
The riverside city is as beautiful as a painting，
At dusk，I climbed up the Xie Tiao Tower to look at the clear sky?
Between two rivers，the lake seems like a mirror and
The two bridges seem like two rainbows?
Orange and pomelo trees loom behind chilling kitchen smoke，
The parasols are so aged in the autumn grey?
Except me，who else would care to climb up the Xie Tiao Tower，
And facing the biting autumn wind to remember Xie?
代替了齊朝的梁朝統治者蕭衍（公元464年―公元549年）曾說，“三日不讀謝眺詩，便覺口臭”。杜甫說，“謝眺每詩篇堪誦”。李白更是經常提起謝眺，曾多次到訪謝眺任過太守的宣城。謝眺離開宣城後，人們為了紀念他，修了一座謝眺樓。李白每次來宣城，必登謝眺樓。一次登樓後，他寫下了《秋登宣城謝眺北樓》，詩曰：
江城如畫裡，山晚望晴空。
兩水夾明鏡，雙橋落彩虹。
人煙寒橘柚，秋色老梧桐。
誰念北樓上，臨風懷謝公。

Xie Tiao was a timid and retiring person?Once his father?in?law plotted a rebellion and asked him to join?As soon as he learned about this plot，he reported to the ruling court immediately，knowing that such a felony would cause the lives of all his family?His father?in?law was beheaded and he at the same time lost his wife?s love?Ever since his report，his wife took a dagger with her all the time so that she could kill her husband to revenge for the loss of father and a brother?Xie Tiao tried his best to avoid his wife and never shared the same room with her again?The way Xie Tiao ended his life was quite similar to that of his uncle Xie Lingyun?Xie Tiao was framed by a few conspirators because he refused to work with them，but that caused him his life and he died at the age of 36?
但謝眺是一個謹小慎微之人。一次他的岳父企圖謀反，想拉他入夥。謝眺知道這是滅門大罪，立刻密報朝廷。岳父上了斷頭台，他也永遠失去了妻子的愛。他的妻子為報父兄之恨，身上終日怀揣利刃，想隨時刺殺丈夫，弄得謝眺再也不敢與她同室居住。謝眺結束其生命的方式與其叔父謝靈運類似。他受到幾個陰謀家的迫害，因為他不願與他們為伍。他受誣而死，死時只有36歲。
The above stories about the Xie family show very well what a family can do to the society and the role a family can play in developing and preserving the Chinese culture? According to a statistics of 2013，there are in the whole of China over 10 million people with the family name of“Xie”and they take up 0?79% of the entire Chinese population?The earliest genealogy of the Xie was compiled in the Song Dynasty by Wang Zao（汪藻）?It is said，much to our surprise，the only existing copy of this genealogy is now being kept in Japan?Some genealogy experts have calculated that there have been 401 versions of the Xie family genealogy?The most complete one is believed to be compiled by Xie Hongxuan（謝鴻軒）in 1947 ，which is composed of 32 parts with 12 books in each part；there are two sets of it still available?As people of the Xie family has been scattered all overthe world，there are over 40 cognate societies in the world，the most notable one was founded in 1977 in San Francisco，which is called“World Assembly of Xie Family Members”?With its headquarters in Taiwan，the assembly also publishes Correspondence of World Xie Family Members on a regular basis?
上述謝氏家族的故事清楚地展示了一個家族能為社會做什麼，能為發展和延續中國傳統文化起到什麼作用。據2013年的數據，在中國現有謝氏人口1 000多萬，佔全國人口的0?79%。謝氏最早的宗譜由宋朝的汪藻編寫。出乎我們意料的是這部宗譜唯一現存的文本被日本收藏。據宗譜專家們統計，現有各種謝氏宗譜401部。最完整的謝氏宋譜是1947年由謝鴻軒組織編寫的，共32部，每部有12冊，現仍有兩套存世。由於謝氏家族分佈在世界各地，全世界有40多個謝氏宗親團體，最知名的是1977年在美國舊金山成立的“世界謝氏宗親總會”，其總部現設在台灣，該總會定期出版《世界謝氏通訊》雜誌。
Now，let?s look at the stories behind“Liu”（柳）?The Chinese character means“willow”?The primogenitor of the“Liu”family was Zhan Qin（展禽，720 B?C??621 B?C ?）in the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn period?As a peer of Confucius，he once served as an official in charge of prisons?He was enfeoffed a place called“Liuxia”，which means“under the willow trees”， and his posthumous name was“Hui”?Therefore，Zhan Qin was also called Liuxia Hui?Since then，his posterities dropped the second character in the place name and kept Liu as their family name?
接下來，我們來說說柳姓的故事。這個字就是柳樹的意思。柳家的始祖是春秋時魯國的展禽（公元前720年―公元前621年）。展禽與孔子是同時代人，他在魯國當過士師（掌管刑獄的官員）。他的封地在“柳下”這個地方。“柳下”自然是柳樹下的意思。他的諡號是“惠”。因此，後人尊稱柳下惠。他的後人，將地名中的“下”字去掉，就取“柳”字為姓。

Liuxia Hui was a very famous historical figure in the Spring and Autumn period of China?
His story of“not being aroused by a lady sitting on his laps”is still on the lips of the chinese people?When he was staying alone outside of the capital city one very cold night，a lady came and asked for a shelter from cold?Seeing there was a blizzard outside and the lady was shivering，he let the lady in and let her sit next to his chest and covered her with his clothes till the next morning?All the time he was not aroused sexually?Since then he was reputed as a gentleman who was“not being aroused when a lady is in his arms”?
柳下惠是我國春秋時期的一位著名歷史人物。他“坐懷不亂”的故事至今仍被傳頌。相傳在一個非常寒冷的夜晚，柳下惠夜宿於城門外，遇到一位女子。柳下惠恐她凍死，叫她坐在懷裡，還用衣服把她裹緊，一直到第二天天亮也沒有發生越禮的事。於是柳下惠被譽為“坐懷不亂”的正人君子。
Once the State of Qi was ready to attack the State of Lu，not knowing what to do with this neighboring country，the ruler of the State of Lu came to Liuxia Hui for help?Liuxia Hui decided to send his younger brother to see the King of Qi?Before his brother departed，he told him what to say to the King of Qi?When the King of Qi met the envoy from the State of Lu，he asked：“Is your state being scared seeing my army arrayed at the border ?”The younger brother of Liuxia Hui answered:“I am scared，but not my monarch?”The King of Qi was surprised when he heard the reply?“How come your monarch is not when your treasury is empty at a time of drought ?”
“Because we have been adhering to the moral principles laid down by both our primogenitor the Duke of Zhou and your primogenitor―the Grand Advisor?In the past when King Cheng of Zhou was enfeoffing our primogenitor and yours，he said that the two states should give full support to the royal court and promised not to harm the other in generations to come?Because of all these reasons our monarch is not afraid of you?”Hearing this，the King of Qi could not find any ground to continue with the attack and withdrew his army from the border?

一次，齊國準備攻打魯國。魯國的君王不知如何對付齊國，就問柳下惠怎麼辦。柳下惠決定讓他的弟弟去見齊王。他弟弟臨行前，柳下惠告訴他見到齊王時的說辭。齊王見到魯國的使者問道：“魯國害怕了嗎？”柳下惠的弟弟回答說，“小人倒是怕了，但是，我們的國君並不怕。”齊王聽到這個回答感到意外，便說，“你們國庫空虛，農村大旱，怎會不怕？”柳下惠的弟弟回答說，“因為我們憑仗著周公和太公的職守。從前周成王在分封我們兩國的始祖周公和太公時：要我們全力支持王室，要我們世世代代不互相侵害。憑仗這個我們國君才不害怕。”齊王聽了這番話，再找不出理由進攻魯國，便從邊境上退兵了。
From the above we can see how resourceful Liuxia Hui was?The following story shows how he upheld the seriousness of sacrificial ceremonies?A sea bird called“yuanju”，had stayed outside the eastern gate of the capital for three days，which was of course very unusual?The monarch of the State of Lu，then，asked his countrymen to offer sacrifice to this bird?When Liuxia Hui heard this，he remarked，“This is most impracticable?How could state affairs be run this way! Sacrificial ceremony is an important state system，which is a guarantee of a successful administration?We have to be most discreet when deciding sacrificial ceremonies as state codes. This is not a proper way to handle state affairs if something is added onto the sacrificial ceremony without reason?”
從上面的故事我們可以看出，柳下惠有著過人的智慧。下面的故事是講他如何維護祭祀制度的嚴肅性。一隻叫“爰居”的海鳥，在魯國都城東門外停留了三天，魯國的國君覺得這是一件很不平常的事。於是，他就讓國民去祭祀這隻鳥。柳下惠說，“真是太迂闊了，怎能這樣管理國政！祭祀，是國家的重要製度，而製度又是行政得以成功的保證。所以應該慎重地制定祭祀禮節作為國家的典章。現在無緣無故地增加祭祀，不是處理政事的適宜做法。”
He continued，“The saints and kings used to follow there principles when stipulating rules for offering sacrifice：sacrifice should only be offered to those who introduced perfect legislation for purpose of a better regulation of people ;to those who devoted their lives to state affairs；to those who contributed much to peace and security of the state and to those who successfully resisted major calamities?No sacrifice should be offered to anyone who does not belong to the above categories”?
柳下惠接著說：“聖王制定祭祀禮節的原則是：凡是以完善的法規治理人民的就祭祀他；凡是為國事操勞，至死不懈的就祭祀他；凡是有安定國家的功勞的就祭祀他；凡是抵禦重大災禍的就祭祀他。不屬這幾類的，不能列入祭祀的範圍。”
He said，“the bird has not done anything good to our people?A kind and virtuous ruler should assess what is good or bad?A wise ruler should delve deep into reasons?So，it is not a virtuous thing to do to offer sacrifice to the sea bird?”The monarch listened to what Liuxia Hui said and revoked his order?
他還說：“海鳥對人民沒有任何功績。仁德的君王會判斷事情的好壞，明智的君王會考察事理。因此，祭祀這只海鳥不是一件仁德的事情。”魯國國君聽取了柳下惠的意見，收回了命令。
There was a famous tripod in the State of Lu，which was called“Cen Ding”and which was a symbol of state power?The State of Qi wanted to possess it，so it waged a war against the State of Lu for purpose of getting the tripod?In order to avoid the war，the monarch sent a fake tripod to the King of Qi，who returned it with such words：If Liuxia Hui says this is the authentic tripod，I shall take it?The monarch then came to Liuxia Hui and asked him to say the fake was authentic?Liuxia Hui replied，“What do you want? To save the real tripod or to save your state? I trust a state must be creditable?I can not do it?It is not possible for me to save you from a national disaster by sacrificing the image of motherland in my mind?”The monarch had to send the authentic piece to the State of Qi and at the same time saved his own country?
魯國有一隻叫“岑”的寶鼎。鼎在當時是國家權力的象徵。齊國想得到這只鼎，便開始攻打魯國。魯國國君運了一隻假的岑鼎到齊國，後假的岑鼎被退了回來。齊國還派人告訴魯國國君說：“如果柳下惠說這是岑鼎，我就接受它。”魯國國君請柳下惠出面證明他所送的鼎是真岑鼎。柳下惠說：“你送岑鼎往齊國，是想留下真岑鼎還是想免去魯國的禍患呢？我是以信為國的，現在要破壞我心中之國而為你免除國難，這是我的為難之處。”聽了這番話，魯國國君便將真岑鼎送往齊國，魯國也因此保全了。
Liuxia Hui was dismissed three times from his office in the State of Lu，yet he didn?t choose to go to another state to work?Someone asked him why he didn?t leave，he answered，“I don?t bend the Way in my service to others，and I would suffer and be dismissed all the same if I work in another state? If I bend the Way in my service to others，what is the point of leaving the country of my father and mother?”We can see his noble character in keeping his integrity from this story?
柳下惠在魯國曾三次被罷免，然而，他並未選擇到其他國家去工作。有人問他為何不離開，他說，“我正直地做事，在任何國家都要吃虧，都要被擠下來。如果我以歪斜之道做事，又何必離開父母的國家呢？”這件事可以看出柳下惠以正道事人，以正道立身處世的高貴品格。
Mencius regarded Liuxia Hui as a man of integrity?He said the following words about Liuxia Hui，he“didn?t feel abashed at serving an impure monarch，nor did he refuse the offer for being a low?ranking official?When he was promoted in his career，he did not conceal his virtue and talents，he adopted the most proper way to perform his duties?When was dismissed from office，he did not resent?When straitened by poverty，he did not grieve?When thrown into the company of villagers，he was quite at ease and could not bear to leave them?He used to say under such circumstances，'You are you，and I am I?Although you lie down by my side with breast and arms bare，or with your body naked，how can you defile me?' Therefore when men now hear the character of Liuxia Hui，the mean would become generous，and the niggardly would become honest and sincere?”
孟子認為柳下惠是個正直的人。對於柳下惠他曾說過這樣的話：“他不羞於侍奉污穢之君，不辭小官。進升時不隱瞞自己的資才，辦事時必以正道而行，被遺棄時而不怨恨，困厄時而不憤懣。與鄉人相處時悠然自得，不忍離去，'說你是你，我是我，你就是光著身子躺在我身旁，也不會污染我。'凡是聽到柳下惠教化的人，鄙狹的小人，都會寬容。淺薄的人，都會敦厚。”
Mencius also regarded Liuxia Hui as a teacher of one hundred generations，he said，“Who can be a saint and a teacher of a hundred generation――the answer is Bo Yi（伯夷）and Liuxia Hui?Therefore when men now hear the character of Bo Yi，the corrupt become pure，and the weak acquire determination?When they hear the character of Liuxia Hui，the mean become generous，and the niggardly become honest and sincere?Those who have been influenced by the two had been advancing with vigor a hundred generations ago，and after a hundred generations，those who hear of them，would also be aroused in vitality?Could such effects be produced by them，if they had not been sages? And how much more did they affect those who were in contiguity with them，and felt their inspiring influence!”Mencius also classified Liuxia Hui as a Saint of Harmony?
孟子還將柳下惠稱作“百世之師”，他說，“能成為聖人和百世之師的是伯夷和柳下惠。凡是聽到伯夷教化的人，貪婪的人可以變廉潔，懦弱的人可以有鬥志。凡是聽到柳下惠教化的人，刻薄的人可以變敦厚，鄙俗的人可以變寬容。他們的教誨可以使人振作於百世之上。百世之下的人聞之，無不振作興起，奮發有為。如果不是聖人，誰能夠有如此的作為？何況是那些親自受到聖人熏陶的人呢？”孟子還將柳下惠稱作“聖之和者”，亦即推行和諧的聖人。

Many of Liuxia Hui ?s descendants were government officials，some of them were high ranking，for instance，in the Tang Dynasty，three prime ministers were from the“Liu”family?We shall now concentrate on three literary giants produced by the“Liu ”family，they are Liu Zongyuan（柳宗元），Liu Gongquan（柳公權）and Liu Yong（柳永）?

柳下惠的很多後人都在朝廷裡做官，有的還是大官，譬如在唐朝有三任宰相都是柳氏子孫。以下我們來了解柳氏家族裡的三位文學巨人，他們是柳宗元、柳公權和柳永。
Liu Zongyuan was born in 773 at a place near today?s Xi?an（西安），which was Tang Dynasty?s capital?The Liu family had always been one of rich cultural background，and his was no exception?His father left home and went to Jiangxi to work as a local official when he was four years old，he and his mother remained in the capital?Inspired by his mother，who taught him ancient poetry and history，since his childhood he had a strong interest in acquiring knowledge ?His mother was always with him，even later when he was deposed?The fine character of the mother was a wordless edification on the son?
公元773年，柳宗元出生於長安（現今的陝西省西安市）。柳氏家族一直有深厚的文化背景，柳宗元的家也不例外。他4歲時，父親離家去江西當官，他與母親留在長安。自小他母親就教他古詩和歷史，受母親的啟發，他對知識產生了強烈的興趣。他的母親一直陪伴在他的左右，即便他遭貶，他的母親也跟著他。母親的良好品格給了柳宗元一種無聲的熏陶。
When Liu Zongyuan was 12，to stay away from unrest called by wars，he joined with his father at Xiakou，where his father worked?He was exposed not only to the society during this period，but also to a war between military sources；he also traveled quite extensively with his father and acquired some practical experience?His father was a Confucian scholar，well?versed in literature，and at the same time he possessed rich and practical experience since he had worked at the prefecture and county level for a long time?Liu Zongyuan was in some way his father，especially in the positive attitude toward life and strong?will and unbending character?
12歲時，柳宗元為避戰亂來到父親的住所夏口。其間，他經歷了藩鎮割據的戰火。他陪父親遊歷時，獲得了許多實用的經驗。他父親是一位儒者，善於詩文，由於長期在府縣一級工作，具有豐富的實踐經驗。柳宗元在一些地方很像他的父親，尤其是其積極入世的態度和剛正的品德就學自他的父親。
In 801，Liu Zongyuan took the office of a middle ranking military officer?Two years later，he was transferred back to the capital to be an assistant supervisor?It was at the post，he was able to learn how rotten the system was and how corrupt some of the officials were?Germs of reform were growing in his mind，he wanted to make some changes，he then joined and became a core member of the reform league，the main aim of which was to strengthen the unified rule of the central government and to reduce the power of eunuchs?Unfortunately，the reform lasted only for six months?
公元801年，柳宗元被任命為藍田尉，兩年後被調回京城，當上了監察御史裡行。從此與官場上層人物交流更廣泛，更深入地看到了製度的黑暗，看到了官員的腐敗，也逐漸萌發了改革的願望與要求。他不但加入了革新的團體，還成為其核心成員。這個革新的主要目的是加強中央集權，削弱宦官的勢力。遺憾的是，這次革新只堅持半年，便宣告失敗了。
Because of the failure of the reform，Liu Zongyuan was removed from his office and sent to a remote place called Yongzhou，to be an assistant administrator?His mother，was with him?There was no house for them to stay when they first arrived， and had to stay at a Buddhist temple?Six months after their arrival，his mother passed away，mostly because of the harsh conditions there?
由於革新失敗，柳宗元被免職，並被貶為永州司馬。被貶之時他的母親也與他同去永州。他們到達永州後，暫時在一座寺廟裡借宿。由於生活艱苦，過了半年，他的母親便離開人世了。
His political enemies continued their slandering even though he was far away from them?Liu Zongyuan?s heart was full of sadness，indignation and melancholy，and on top of his bad mood，his place caught fire several times?The health of the poor man deteriorated，and his knee caps shiver when walking and his thighs are numb while sitting?Yet，all these unfortunate things didn?t change his ideal，he said in one of his letters to his friends，“My inner world has not changed the slightest even though I have been cast away so many times?”
儘管柳宗元已經遠離了他的政敵，但他們依舊造謠誹謗，這使柳宗元的心裡充滿了悲憤和憂鬱。他住的地方偏偏又發生了幾次火災，使他的身體受到了嚴重的損害，以致走路膝蓋顫抖，坐下則大腿麻木。然而，這些不幸未能改變他的理想。在寫給朋友的信中他說，“雖萬受擯棄，不更乎其內”。大意是，他雖然多次被拋棄，可是他的內心世界絲毫沒有改變。
Liu Zongyuan also kept up his studies during the ten years he stayed at Yongzhou，in particular on the academic and cultural front?Most of his famous academic essays were written at Yongzhou，for instance On the Establishment of Enfeoffment，which defended the nation?wide county system，and Disapproval of Utterances on History of States，which criticized the views，contained in the well?known book―Utterances on History of States，that violated the Confucian Way?
柳宗元在永州十年，從未放棄過學習，特別是在學術和文化方面。他的很多知名的學術著作是在永州完成的，如他的捍衛郡縣制的《封建論》，以及批評名著《國語》中不符合儒家之道內容的《非國語》等。
It has been widely agreed that he accomplished more in his prose and essay writing than his poems，yet some of his poems are known to almost every household in China?The quatrain entitled Snow on the River is such a verse：

There are no traces of bird in the surrounding one thousand hills，
Neither are men?s footprints on the ten thousand trails to the river；
On the only boat sits an old man in rain coat and hat made of straw，
And he is fishing alone amidst the cold snow in the river?

柳宗元的一些詩作在中國也是家喻戶曉的。譬如他的五言絕句《江雪》就是這樣一首詩，詩曰：

千山鳥飛絕，
萬徑人踪滅；
孤舟蓑笠翁，
獨釣寒江雪。

Liu Zongyuan is also known as the best prose writer of China?His Eight Travel Notes of Yongzhou are remarkable travelogues in China?Visit to the Little Stone Pond and Discovering the West Hill and Our Feast There among the eight pieces have a wider readership?The Hunchback Guo and His Tree Planting is a fable and a political essay as well?Prelude to Poems about the Foolish Brook is more famous than the ensuing poems?The four pieces of writing mentioned above have been included into the Chinese language text books in middle schools in China?He also wrote rhythmical prose，which characterized by parallelism and ornateness?His peer Liu Yuxi（劉禹錫），also a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty compiled Collections of Works by Mr?East Riverside（Liu?s alternative name，because his home?town was on the east side of a river），which contained over 600 pieces of hisworks?
柳宗元還是中國最好的散文作家。他的《永州八記》是中國山水游記名作。其中《小石潭記》《始得西山宴遊記》讀者甚眾。《種樹郭橐駝傳》既是一篇寓言，又是一篇政論。《愚溪詩序》要比正文裡的詩有名。上述四篇都被收入中國中學語文課本中。他還寫有不少駢文。唐朝著名詩人、與他同時代的劉禹錫將他的600多篇詩文收進《河東先生集》（“河東”也是柳宗元的一個稱呼，因他的家鄉在河的東岸）。

Liu Zongyuan died of illness in 819 in Liuzhou，where he served as the local magistrate?Han Yu（韓愈），who was reputed as one of the“Eight Masters in Tang and Song”as Liu，lamented thus at Liu?s death， “It is at such a time?When he correct Way was not introduced and thus Liu?s talents were not employed?”Liu Yuxi cried out，“Even the Heaven and Earth could not put up with such a misery of losing him!” Three years after his death，people of Liuzhou built a temple to remember their beloved magistrate，and at the request of Liu?s subordinates，Han Yu wrote an inscription for the temple?
公元819年，柳宗元在柳州病逝。此時他在柳州擔任刺史。對於他的死，與他並列唐宋八大家的韓愈嘆道，“材不為世用，道不行於時也”。劉禹錫也發出“皇天后土，胡寧忍此”的呼喊。柳宗元死後3年，柳州人民建廟紀念這位他們熱愛的刺史。韓愈應柳宗元部將的請求，為新修的柳廟撰寫了碑文。
Another person from the Liu family who has national and historical significance is Liu Gongquan（柳公權）?He was born in 778 at Huayuan county of Jingzhao prefecture（today?s Yaozhou district，Tongchuan City of Shanxi Province）. He is best known for his calligraphy in regular script，which is classified as“Liu Style”and which has been used as an example for most beginners to imitate?He was able to compose beautiful poetry at the age of 12?In 808，he scored high in the national imperial examination and was appointed a proof reader at the central library?
柳姓另一位具有全國影響和歷史意義的人物是柳公權。公元778年，柳公權出生於京兆華原（現今陝西省銅川市?州區）。他的楷書廣為人知，被稱為“柳體”，是很多初學者臨摹的樣本。他12歲時就能寫出美妙的辭賦。公元808年，他考中進士，被任為秘書省校書郎。
When he was a proof reader，the emperor gave him an audience because of his calligraphy，the emperor said to him，“I have wanted to see you for a long time，I impressed with your calligraphy?”After this meeting he was promoted to the post of an imperial censor first，very soon to the post of expostulate and then to the position of a deputy department head?
他任校書郎時，曾得到皇帝的接見，皇帝跟他說：“我審批文件時看到你的書法，想見你很久了。”這次見面後，他被升為右拾遺，後又升為右補闕，再後就當上了員外郎。
It was said that the emperor liked to talk to him，so he was further promoted to a post to appraise proposals，and then a post to draft imperial edicts，so that he could be easily approached at any time?The emperor used to talk to him for a long time，their talks often ended late at night?
據說皇帝喜歡跟他聊天，又提拔他做諫議大夫，不久改任中書舍人。皇帝每次與他談話，常常談到很晚。
One day when the emperor was talking to six first ranking officials，he showed them his sleeves and said，“This clothe has been washed three times?”Hearing this，all the officials expressed their admiration of the emperor?s frugality except Liu Gongquan? The emperor was surprised and asked Liu why he was silent?Liu replied，“A monarch should pay attention to his political integrity，such as using virtuous and talented officials，removing sycophantic courtiers，listen to admonishment，reward those who should be rewarded and punish those who should be punished?As far as wearing washed clothes is concerned，it is a trifle matter of little importance?”Having heard these words，the other officials were full of fears that Liu might be castigated by the emperor?The emperor，however ，said calmly to Liu，“I know it is not right to lower your rank from an edict draftingpost to that of proposal appraisal，yet，you are fully qualified to be an admonishing official，whose duty is to find out what I have done wrong，so be an admonisher?”The next day an imperial edict was announced to say that Liu was appointed to be an admonisher and concurrently an edict drafting official and his first ranking status was still being kept?
一次，皇帝召見六位學士時，舉起自己的衣袖說：“這件衣服已經洗過三次了”。學士們都紛紛頌揚皇帝的節儉品德，只有柳公權閉口不說話，皇帝感到奇怪，問他為什麼不說話。柳公權回答說：“君主的大節，應該注意起用賢良的人才，黜退那些不正派的佞臣，聽取忠言勸誡，分明賞罰。至於穿洗過的衣服，那隻不過是小節，無足輕重。”其他的學士聽了他的言論，嚇得渾身發抖，以為皇帝會對柳公權發怒。誰知皇帝卻平靜地對他說：“我深知你這個舍人之官不應降為諫議，但因你有諫臣風度，那就任你為諫議大夫吧。”第二天皇帝就下旨，任他為諫議大夫兼知制誥，學士之銜仍舊保留。
One day in 838，the emperor asked Liu，who was by now a Deputy Minister of Civil Engineering，what was the hottest topic in the society?Liu said people had been talking about the promotion of Guo Min to the post of a military governor at Bin?ning?The emperor said，“He is the uncle of the Grandma Empress and he did well in his previous post?Why couldn?t he be promoted?”Liu replied，“According to Guo Min?s deeds and virtue，it is proper to give him that position?But，some people say that he got promotion because he sent in his two daughters to the imperial court to serve you?Is this true?”The emperor said，“They are here to see the Grandma Empress only?”Hearing this Liu remarked，“As a proverb says one does not get off his shoes and pick them up when walking in the melon field and one doesn?t set his hat upright under a plum tree，for he might be mistaken asa stealer of melon fruits?How come this matter is now known to every household if there is no room for suspicion?”Hearing this，the emperor asked the head eunuch to send the two girls home?
公元838年，柳公權轉任工部侍郎。一日皇帝問他：“外邊有什麼議論?”柳公權回答說：“自從郭?被任為?寧節度使，人們議論紛紛。”皇帝說：“郭?是太皇太后的叔父，在職也沒有過錯，還有什麼可議論的呢?”柳公權說：“憑郭?的功績和品德，任命為節度使是合適的。人們議論的原因，據說是郭?把兩個女兒獻入宮中，因此才升官，這是真的嗎?”皇帝說：“他的兩個女兒進宮，是來看望太后的，並不是他進獻女兒。”柳公權說：“常言說，瓜田不拾履，李下不整冠，如沒有嫌疑，為什麼這事嚷得家喻戶曉?”聽了這番話後皇帝當即派內使把二女送還郭?家。
Emperor Mu of Tang was very licentious and eccentric in his office work?One day he asked Liu what the best way to use the brush pen was?Liu told him，“Only if your have an upright mind you can maneuver the pen in a perfect way?”The emperor flushed and realized that Liu was trying to admonish him?Liu passed away at the age of 88?The highest position he held was Tutor of the Prince?

唐穆宗荒淫，行事乖僻，他曾問柳公權怎樣用筆才能盡善盡美，柳公權回答說：“用筆的方法，全在於用心，心正則筆法自然盡善盡美。”穆宗為之改容，明白他這是藉用筆法來勸誡。柳公權在88歲時去世，他最高做到了太子太師。

Another celebrity in the Liu family is Liu Yong（柳永，984 A?D??1053 A?D?）?He was born in today?s Shanxi Province，but his family origin was at the Wuyi Mountain area in Fujian Province? Even though he was from a family of officials，he failed and suffered much from the examinations. Since it was so hard to become an official，he then concentrated on his writing of Ci poems?After so many setbacks，he lamented，“It does not nearlly hurt me to exchange with my bubble reputation for some drinks，and then hum songs among girl singers?”When emperor heard about this，he wrote on Liu?s exam paper，“Since bubble reputation is not useful to him，let him drink his wine and hum his songs?”
柳氏家族中的另一位名人是柳永（約公元984年―約公元1053年），他出生在山西省，祖籍在福建的武夷山地區。柳永出身官宦世家，但他參加科舉考試屢試屢敗，於是一心填詞。仕途坎坷的他曾嘆道：“忍把浮名，換了淺斟低唱。”此話傳到皇帝的耳朵裡，皇帝便在他的試卷上批道：“且去淺斟低唱，何要浮名？”
But，he did very well in his poetry，especially in a particular kind of poetry―“Ci”，which is verse of songs，and these songs all have their own names；the verse has fixed number of lines，and fixed number of characters in each line?Liu Yong is regarded as one of the greatest poet of“Ci”，and the best representative of the“Graceful”school of“Ci”?
但柳永的詩寫得非常好，詞填得尤其好。“詞”即歌詞，歌曲都有曲牌名。詞的行數和每行的字數都有規定。柳永被視為最偉大的詞作家，是婉約派的代表人物。

Liu Yong occupied a unique place in the history of Chinese poetry?He was the first to conduct an overall reform of the “Ci” poetry in the Sòng Dynasty; the tunes he created and used outnumbered by a big margin everyone else in the two Song periods?His artistic character is remarkable in his usage of slag and banal expression，the common images he created，his detailed narrations and simple ways of description which enriched and furthered the “Ci” development?Other poets like Su Shi，Huang Tingjian，Qin Guan and Zhōu Bangyan all benefited from his poetry?Zhu Mu，who lived a bit later in the same dynasty，said in his A Grand View of he Landscape: “Liu Yong died at Xiangyang?He was penniless at his death?Some singing girls put together some money and had him burried outside the southern gate of the city?”

柳永在中國詩歌史上佔有獨特的地位。他是第一個對宋詞進行全面改革的人，是兩宋詞壇上創用詞調最多的人。他運用俚詞俗語，以世俗的意象、淋漓盡致的鋪敘、平淡無華的白描等獨特的藝術個性推動了宋詞的發展，讓蘇軾、黃庭堅、秦觀和周邦彥等受益匪淺。比他稍晚些時日的一位宋朝人祝穆在他的《方輿勝覽》中說：“柳永卒於襄陽。死之日，家無餘財，群妓合資葬於南門外。 ”
In closing this part，let us read two“Ci”of Liu Yong. The first one is To the Tune of “Bell in the Rain”?Plaintire Chirping of Cold Cicadas，which depicts parting with his love and how difficult it is in the autumn：

Han chan qi qie?
Dui chang ting wan，
Zhou yu chu xie?
Du men zhang yin wu xu，
Liu lian chu，
Lan zhou cui fa?
Zhi shou xiang kan lei yan，
Jing wu yu ning ye?
Nian qu qu ，
Qian li yan bo，
Mu ai chen chen chu tian kuo?
Duo qing zi gu shang li bie，
Geng na kan leng luo qing qiu jie!
Jin xiao jiu xing he chu?
Yang liu an，
Xiao feng can yue?
Ci qu jing nian，
Ying shi liang chen mei jing xu she?
Bian zong you qian zhong feng qing，
Geng yu he ren shuo?

What the poem says in each line is roughly like the following:

Cold cicadas are chirping in a plaintive tone?
Facing the pavilion at dusk，
A heavy shower has just gone?
No heart to drink at the farewell banquet outside the city gate，
I can?t bear to part from my girl，
Yet the boat captain urges me to set out?
Hand in hand we look at each other?s tearful eyes，
Not even a word was spoken in sobbing?
I shall be gone，
Into the ten thousand miles of mist?covered waters ，
Into the broad sky of heavy sunset clouds?
Since ancient times parting has been most heart broken，
More unbearable we part in chilly autumn when leaves fallen?
Where shall I sober up from drunkenness tonight?
Only poplars and willows along the banks to be seen，
Only the morning wind and remaining of the moon?
I?ll be gone for years，
A future bright day can only add to my sorrow?
Even if I have a thousand amorous words，
To whom should I speak?