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The removal of the regime of Saddam Hussein and the reconstruction of the Iraqi state were critical components of US foreign policy towards the Middle East in the aftermath of 9/11. It was hoped that Iraq, free from the oppression of Saddam's tyranny, would be transformed into a beacon of democracy in the Middle East. Iraq has indeed been transformed, but into a zone of instability.
With Saddam's regime no more, Iraq has turned into a morass of competing ethno-sectarian political and social forces, in stark contrast to the views expressed by Western and Middle Eastern commentators alike before the US-led invasion, who commonly believed in the strength of Iraqi nationalism. Why did this fragmentation occur? Have Sunni–Shii tensions always been present? Are the Kurds seeking secession, or accommodation within the state? What has been the social and political impact of years of dictatorship, war and hardship? And why have US attempts to restructure the Iraqi state resulted in Iraq being on the verge of becoming a failed state, rather than the first democratic domino in the Middle East?
In this timely new book, Gareth Stansfield explores these questions and frames them in an analysis which takes into account Iraq's diverse society, and the geopolitical interventions of regional states and great powers. He concludes with an assessment of Iraq since the removal of Saddam.
With Saddam's regime no more, Iraq has turned into a morass of competing ethno-sectarian political and social forces, in stark contrast to the views expressed by Western and Middle Eastern commentators alike before the US-led invasion, who commonly believed in the strength of Iraqi nationalism. Why did this fragmentation occur? Have Sunni–Shii tensions always been present? Are the Kurds seeking secession, or accommodation within the state? What has been the social and political impact of years of dictatorship, war and hardship? And why have US attempts to restructure the Iraqi state resulted in Iraq being on the verge of becoming a failed state, rather than the first democratic domino in the Middle East?
In this timely new book, Gareth Stansfield explores these questions and frames them in an analysis which takes into account Iraq's diverse society, and the geopolitical interventions of regional states and great powers. He concludes with an assessment of Iraq since the removal of Saddam.
作者簡介
Gareth Stansfield is Lecturer in Middle East Politics at the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter.
目次
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements
Introduction: Artificiality, Identity, Dictatorship, and State-Building
Four Key Debates
Analytical Theme
Book Outline
Chapter 1: Legacies of Civilizations and Empires Ancient Civilizations
The Islamic Conquest
The Ottoman Empire
Chapter 2: State Formation, Monarchy, and Mandate, 1918-1932
The Artificiality Debate
The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Planning the Carve-Up
Occupation and Uprising
The Cairo Conference
The New State and Enduring Pathologies
The End of the Mandate
Chapter 3: Conceptualizing Iraqi Society
The Identity Debate
Nationalism
The Sunni-Shi’i Divide
The Kurds
The Assyrians and Turkmens
Identity and the State
Chapter 4: From Authoritarian to Totalitarian State, 1933-1979
The Dictator Debate
The Military in Politics
The Role of the Military and the Communalization of Political Life
The Intensification of Anti-Imperialist Sentiment
Towards Totalitarianism
The Totalitarian State
Chapter 5: Iraq at War, 1979-1989
History of Iran-Iraq Relations
The Kurdish War
The Decline into War with Iran
Iraq Advances
Iran Counterattacks
The Kurdish Threat
The Tanker War
The Political and Economic Impact on Iraq
Towards Kuwait
Chapter 6: The Pariah State, 1989-2003
Toward War
The Invasion of Kuwait
Operation ‘Desert Storm’
The Uprisings
The Coalescing of Opposition Movements
Sanctions on Iraq
The Arrival of the Inspectors
Defection
The Failed Coups
The Opposition Defeated and Kurdistan Divided
Oil for Food
Sanctions Busting
Hide and Seek with UNSCOM
Toward Invasion
Chapter 7: Regime Change, 2003-
The State Building and Democratization Debate
Operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’
The Chaotic Devolution of Political Authority
The Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraqi Governing Council
The Transitional Administrative Law
The Iraqi Interim Government
Shi’i Rebellion and Sunni Insurgencies
January 2005 Elections
Constitutional Negotiations
The Referendum
December 2005 Elections
Staring Into the Abyss
Conclusion: The Passing of Thresholds?
Making Sense of the Debates
The Government of Nouri al-Maliki
The Passing of Nebulous Thresholds
Chronology
Internet Sites
Bibliography
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