Target Pattern Recognition in Innate Immunity

Target pattern recognition in innate immunity is responsible for the immediate, usually protective, responses shown against invading microorganisms, and it is the principal feature of self and non-self recognition by virtue of the recognition of structures on the microbial pathogens, which are not found on host cells. This is an area that has been very actively researched, over approximately the past 12 years, and therefore this volume provides a timely comprehensive, and up to date, summary of the types and range of cell surface, intracellular, and secreted, host proteins involved in the recognition of microbial products, and of the protective mechanisms triggered as a result of the recognition events.The Toll-like receptors, first described in Drosophila and now well-characterised on human cells, provide an excellent demonstration of the wide range of different microbial products recognised by this family of receptors and of the signalling pathways which are triggered thus leading to induction of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of genes producing antimicrobial products. In addition, several cell surface proteins involved in target pattern recognition have been described on the surfaces of macrophages (macrophage mannose receptor and macrophage scavenger receptors), and on dendritic cells (DEC205), and to be involved with the uptake and clearance of whole microorganisms and polyanioic ligands. Pattern recognition is also utilised by intracellular receptors, with NOD-like receptors in the cytosol recognizing microbial molecules and activating the production of inflammatory cytokines or pathways that induce the production of inflammatory molecules. Secreted proteins, such as the pentraxins, which includes the acute phase reacting, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid protein (SAP), and the collectins (mannan binding lectin, lung surfactant protein A and D) and ficolins can also readily recruit killing and clearance systems. Indeed, the serum complement system, which is one of the major defence systems in the bloodstream, is efficiently activated by CR P on its binding to the phosphocholine groups of microbial phospholipids—and the subsequent interaction of the bound CR P with C1q—to give classical pathway activation, or MBL, or ficolin, binding to arrays of mannose or N-acetyl-glucosamine residues, respectively, on the surfaces of microorganisms—to give lectin pathway activation. Also, in addition to the activation and clearance events associated with complement activation by some of the secreted pattern recognition receptors, it is accepted that all these pattern recognition receptors can generally accelerate the uptake and clearance of microbes via phagocytic cells.In view of the growing interest in the cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity, a thorough understanding of the initial recognition and triggering events, mediated via innate immune receptors, as addressed in this volume, is clearly very useful in helping to also fully understand the mechanisms of activation and control of the adaptive immune system—and to allow a full assessment of the relative roles played by innate immunity and adaptive immunity against a particular infection in higher organisms.

Dr. Uday Kishore is currently a University Lecturer in Immunology and Medical Microbiology at Division of Biosciences within School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, London, UK. He earned his BSc from S.P. Jain College, Sasaram, Bihar, India and MSc from Hindu College and Department of Zoology, Delhi University. He did his PhD on gene synthesis and expression of human EGF jointly from CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi and University of Delhi. He spent most of his postdoctoral time working at MRC Immunochemistry Unit and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford funded by Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council and European Commission. He has also been recipient of NASA fellowship (Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, USA), Wellcome Trust International fellowship (Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Oxford), MRC Inventor’s award, and Alexander von Humboldt fellowship (Institute of Medical Microbiology, Giessen, Germany (2004)).Dr. Kishore’s research interests include structure-function relationships within human C1q, the first subcomponent of classical complement pathway, role of hydrophilic lung surfactant proteins in modulating allergy and infection, host-pathogen interaction involving an opportunistic fungal pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, and generation of therapeutic inhibitors of complement cascade.Dr. Kishore’s hobbies include singing Indian classical and light music.