Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering (Two-Volume Set)

Continually increasing demands on infrastructure mean that maintenance and renewal require timely, appropriate action that maximizes benefits while minimizing cost. To be as well informed as possible, decision-makers must have an optimal understanding of an infrastructure’s condition—what it is now, and what it is expected to be in the future. Written by two respected engineers, Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering is presented in two corresponding volumes that integrate the decision making concept into theoretical and practical issues.

The first volume, Theory and Components, includes:


An overview of the infrastructure health in civil engineering (IHCE) and associated theories


In-depth description of the four components of IHCE: measurements, structural identification, damage identification, and decision making


Discussion of how IHCE and asset management are applied


Exploration of analogies between structural and human health


The second volume, Applications and Management, covers:


State-of-the-art practices and future directions


Use of probability and statistics in areas including structural modeling


Specific practical applications, including retrofitting and rehabilitation in response to earthquake damage, corrosion, fatigue, and bridge security


Use of IHCE for management and maintenance of different types of structures using pre-stressed and reinforced concrete, and fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs)


Numerous practical case studies, as well as coverage of the latest techniques in the use of sensors for damage detection and load testing


This set comprises, perhaps for the first time, an invaluable integrated guide to the wide range of structural hazards—including scour, earthquakes, fatigue, corrosion, and damage to pre-stressed systems. It then lays out the optimized, cost-saving methods that will help readers meet safety specifications for new projects, as well as the aging infrastructure at great risk of failure.

VOLUME 1: THEORY AND COMPONENTS


PART I: Overview and Theories of IHCE

Introduction
Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering (IHCE)
General Concepts of Infrastructures Health
History of Structural Health Efforts
Need for Infrastructure Health Efforts
Analogy with Human Health
Structural Health: A New Field in Civil Engineering?
Structural Health: Integration of Fields
Horizontal Integration: Multihazards
Vertical Integration: Multidisciplinary
SHM and IHCE: a Quick Primer
Challenges Ahead
Appendix I: DHS Infrastructure Sectors (as of 2009)

Elements of Structural Health in Civil Engineering (SHCE)
SHCE: A New Field in Civil Engineering?
SHCE: Baseball Analogy
SHCE and DESIGN Paradigms
NDT versus SHM
Value of Information

Lives and Deaths of Infrastructures
Overview
Birth of Bridges
Why Bridges Live?
Why Bridges Fail/Die?
Examples of Bridge Failures
Appendix I: Count of Bridges in the United States by Construction Material
References

Theories and Principles of IHCE
Introduction
General theory of Experimentation (GTE)
Special Theory of Experimentation (STE)
Theory of SHM Triangulation
Duality Principle in SHM
Scaling Principle in SHM
Serendipity Principle in SHM


PART II: Components of IHCE
Sensors and Infrastructures Health
Introduction
Sensor Categorizations
Basics of Sensor Behavior
Sensor Measurements in SHM
Emerging Technology: Fiber Optics Sensors
Wireless Sensors
Smart Structures
Optimum Sensor Selection
Optimum Sensor Location
Step by Step Guide for Choosing Sensors
Remote Sensing in SHM

Structural Identification (STRID)
Introduction
STRID Processes
Modal Identification Methods
Parameter Identification (PI)
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
Other Methods
Modeling Techniques
Scale Independent Methods (SIM)
Case Studies
Life Cycle Analysis and STRID
Cost-Benefit Analysis of STRID

Damage Identification (DMID)
Introduction
Damage Parameters
STRID, DMID, and SHM
NDT Techniques
Acoustic Emission
Vibration-based Methods
Signal Processing and DMID
Damage Identification in SHM
Appendix: Lamb Waves
Appendix: Dispersion Curves
Appendix: Helmholtz Equation
Appendix: Angular Spectrum Method

Decision Making in IHCE
Introduction
Decision Making Process and Structural Health Components
Probability and Statistics
Traditional Theories of Decision Making
Reliability
Risk
Stochastic Models
Structural Analysis in Decision Making
Financial Considerations
Appendices　


VOLUME 2: APPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT


PART III: Applications

Scour
Introduction
Types and Causes of Scour
Scour Mitigation Measures
Bridge Health and Scour
Case Studies
Bridge Life Cycle Analysis and Scour Effects
Decision Making and SCOUR
Management Strategies for Scour Hazard
Appendix: NBI System

Earthquakes
Introduction
Bridge Components and Seismic Hazards
SHM Components and Seismic Hazards
Case Studies
Decision Making and Earthquake Hazard
General Engineering Paradigms, Earthquakes, and Structural Health
Resilience of Infrastructures
LCA and Earthquake Hazards

Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Introduction
Corrosion: The problem
Corrosion Monitoring
Corrosion Mitigation Methods
STRID and Corrosion Hazard
Decision Making and Corrosion Hazard
Case Studies
Bridge Life Cycle Analysis and Corrosion Monitoring
Appendix: Chloride Diffusion and Corrosion Initiation

Pre-stressed Concrete Bridges
Introduction
Anatomy of PSC Bridges
Damage to PSC Bridges
Structural Identification
Damage Detection
Decision Making
Case Studies
LCA of PT-PS Systems

Fatigue
Introduction
NDT Treatment of Fatigue
SHM Treatment of Fatigue
Virtual Sensing Paradigm
Step-by-Step Approach for Remaining Fatigue Life
Dynamic and Fatigue Analysis of a Truss Bridge with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Deck
Estimating Fatigue Life of Bridge Components Using Measured Strains: Practical Application
BLCA and Fatigue
Dirlik Rainflow Empirical Solution

Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Bridge Decks
Introduction
The Advent of FRP Bridge Decks
Health of FRP Bridge Deck
Decision Making and FRP Bridge Decks
Case Studies
LCA for FRP Bridge Decks

Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Wrapping
Introduction
Physical and Theoretical Background
NDT Methods for FRP Wrapping
Applications
East Church Street Bridge
Troy Bridge
Congress Street Bridge
Guide to SHM Usage in FRP Wrapping
Decision Making Example: When to Retrofit with FRP Wrapping?
LCA of FRP Wrapping
Sources of Damage in FRP Laminates


PART IV: Management of Infrastructure Health

Load Testing
Introduction
General Considerations for Load Testing
Categories of Load Tests
Sensors, Instrumentations, Hardware, and Software
STRID in Load Testing
Damage Identification in Load Testing
Decision Making in Load Testing
Cost, Benefit, and LCA of Bridge Load Tests
Monitoring and Load Testing of Court Street Bridge
Load Testing for Bridge Rating: Route 22 Over Swamp River

Bridge Management and Infrastructure Health
Introduction
Bridge Management Strategies and SHM
Deterioration
Inspection
Maintenance
Repair
Bridge Management Tools and SHM

Life-Cycle Analysis and Infrastructure Health
Introduction
Bridge Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Bridge Life Cycle Benefit Analysis
Bridge Lifespan Analysis
Interrelationship of BLCCA, BLCBA, and BLSA
Use of BLCA in Decision Making
SHM Role in BLCCA, BLCBA, and BLSA
Generalized Approach to LCA

Role of Structural Health Monitoring in Enhancing Bridge Security
Introduction
Concept of 4Ds
Security-Specific Technology and SHM Utilization
SHM-Specific Techniques and Bridge Security
Decision Making: Prioritization
Life Cycle Analysis
Concluding Remarks
Appendices