Africa's Lost Decades: European Colonialism in Algeria, Cameroon, Nigeria and South Africa
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when European nations acquired and upheld political rule over substantial portions of Africa, this was known as colonialism. Economic, political, and social factors such as the quest for resources, markets, tactical advantages, and the extension of European culture and influence drove this period. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, where European countries discussed the division and colonization of the African continent, marked the beginning of the colonization of Africa in the late 19th century. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain were among the major European colonial powers active in Africa. Different tactics were used by European colonial forces to establish control over African lands. By means of military force and agreements with local African leaders, they established formal colonies, protectorates, and spheres of influence. In order to monitor the administration and exploitation of African resources, colonial administrations were established. Africa was significantly and permanently impacted by European colonialism. Economically, it resulted in the extraction of natural resources from Africa, including agricultural goods, minerals, and wood, which were shipped to European markets. African economies were frequently designed to satisfy the needs of the colonial powers, which resulted in the exploitation and destitution of the native populace. European colonial troops took a variety of approaches to seize power over African territories. They created official colonies, protectorates, and spheres of influence through military power and negotiations with indigenous African authorities. Colonial administrations were set up to keep an eye on the management and exploitation of African resources. European colonialism had a tremendous and lasting impact on Africa. Economically, it led to the export of African natural resources, such as agricultural products, minerals, and wood, to European markets. The local population of Africa was regularly exploited and left in squalor as a result of African economies that were frequently created to meet the demands of the colonial powers. After World War II, nationalist movements gained traction and colonialism came under increasing international criticism, which sparked the process of decolonization in Africa. The bulk of African nations gained independence by the 1960s, but colonialism's legacy continues to influence African civilizations and their interactions with former colonial powers.
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