THE RESONANT INTERFACE: HCI FOUNDATIONS FOR INTERACTION DESIGN

In an age of ubiquitous computing it is essential that Interaction Design be based on the rich foundation of HCI research and knowledge. The Resonant Interface does that and more. It moves beyond the traditional scope of human-computer interaction (HCI) and is based on the concept of active learning that integrates theory and practice. Each chapter begins with a discussion of a particular HCI topic or concept that is then explored and put into perspective for interface design. The topics are then set in a design scenario using authentic interface problems and solutions. With a practical, engaging style, author Steve Heim moves beyond a focus on research findings and extends student learning into the processes of building useable interfaces for software and Web sites.

Chapter 1 Interaction Paradigms
1.1. Innovation

1.1.1 Memex
1.1.2 Human Augmentation System
1.1.3 OLIVER
1.1.4 The Ultimate Display

1.2. Computing Environments

1.2.1 Physical Computing Environment
1.2.2 Social Computing Environment
1.2.3 Cognitive Computing Environment

1.3. Analyzing Interaction Paradigms

1.3.1 5W+H
1.3.2 Terms

1.4. Interaction Paradigms

1.4.1 Large-Scale Computing
1.4.2 Personal Computing
1.4.3 Networked Computing
1.4.4 Mobile Computing
1.4.5 Collaborative Environments
1.4.6 Embodied Virtuality
1.4.7 Contemporary Approaches in Embodied Virtuality
1.4.8 Virtual Reality
1.4.9 Augmented Reality

Chapter 2 Interaction Frameworks and Styles
2.1. Frameworks for Understanding Interaction

2.1.1 Execution/Evaluation Action Cycle
2.1.2 Interaction Framework

2.2. Coping with Complexity

2.2.1 Mental Models
2.2.2 Mapping
2.2.3 Semantic and Articulatory Distance
2.2.4 Affordances

2.3. Interaction Styles

2.3.1 Command Line
2.3.2 Menu-Based Interface
2.3.3 Form Fill-In
2.3.4 Question and Answer
2.3.5 Direct Manipulation
2.3.6 Metaphors
2.3.7 Web Navigation
2.3.8 Three-Dimensional Environments
2.3.9 Zoomable Interface
2.3.10 Natural Language

SECTION II Designing Interaction

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Chapter 3 Interaction Design Process
3.1. Iterative Design
3.2. User-Centered Design
3.3. Interaction Design Models

3.3.1 Waterfall Model
3.3.2 Spiral Model
3.3.3 Dynamic Systems Development Method
3.3.4 Prototype-Based Models
3.3.5 Discount Usability Engineering
3.3.6 Contextual Inquiry

3.4. Overview of Interaction Design Models

3.4.1 The Design Process Model

Chapter 4 Discovery
4.1. Discovery Phase Framework

4.1.1 Exploring the Work Domain
4.1.2 Organizing the Discovery Process

4.2. Collection

4.2.1 Methods of Collection
4.2.2 Observation
4.2.3 Elicitation

4.3. Interpretation

4.3.1 Task Analysis
4.3.2 Storyboarding
4.3.3 Use Cases
4.3.4 Primary Stakeholder Profiles

4.4. Documentation

4.4.1 Mission Statement
4.4.2 Requirements Document
4.4.3 Project Management Document

Design Scenario: Circumference: Requirements

Chapter 5 Design
5.1. Technology Myopia
5.2. Conceptual Design

5.2.1 Brainstorming
5.2.2 Card Sort
5.2.3 Semantic Networks
5.2.4 Personas
5.2.5 Scenarios, Flowcharts, and Cognitive Walkthroughs

5.3. Physical Design

5.3.1 Prototypes
5.3.2 Low-Fidelity Prototypes

5.4. Evaluation

5.4.1 Heuristic Evaluation
5.4.2 Nielsen’s Heuristics

5.5. Physical Design Continued

5.5.1 Wireframes
5.5.2 Web Formats
5.5.3 Functional Prototypes

5.6. Interface Design Standards

5.6.1 Graphical Libraries
5.6.2 User Interface Toolkits
5.6.3 Visual Interface Builders
5.6.4 Web Development Tools
5.6.5 Emerging Standards

5.7. Designing the Facets of the Interface

Design Scenario: Physical Design

Chapter 6 Design Principles
6.1. Principles of Interaction Design

6.1.1 Framework for Design Principles

6.2. Comprehensibility
6.3. Learnability
6.4. Effectiveness/Usefulness

6.4.1 Utility
6.4.2 Safety
6.4.3 Flexibility
6.4.4 Stability
6.5. Efficiency/Usability

6.5.1 Simplicity
6.5.2 Memorability
6.5.3 Predictability
6.5.4 Visibility
6.6. Grouping

6.6.1 Gestalt Principles of Perception

6.7. Stimulus Intensity
6.8. Proportion

6.8.1 Golden Ratio

6.9. Screen Complexity
6.10. Resolution/Closure
6.11. Usability Goals

6.11.1 Goals to Principles
6.11.2 Principles to Guidelines

Design Scenario: Application of Design Principles

Chapter 7 Interaction Design Models
7.1 Model Human Processor

7.1.1 Working Memory
7.1.2 Long-Term Memory
7.1.3 Processor Timing

7.2 Keyboard Level Model

7.2.1 Operators
7.2.2 Encoding Methods
7.2.3 Heuristics for M Operator Placement
7.2.4 What the Keyboard Level Model Does Not Model
7.2.5 Application of the Keyboard Level Model
7.3 GOMS

7.3.1 CMN-GOMS
7.3.2 CMN-GOMS Analysis
7.3.3 Other GOMS Models

7.4 Modeling Structure

7.4.1 Hick's Law

7.5 Modeling Dynamics

7.5.1 State Transition Networks
7.5.2 Three-State Model
7.5.3 Glimpse Model

7.6 Physical Models

7.6.1 Fitts’ Law
Design Scenario: Scrolling versus Paging

Chapter 8 Usability Testing
8.1 What Is Usability?
8.2 What Is a Usability Test?

8.2.1 Phases of a Usability Test

8.3 Design the Test

8.3.1 Why: Define the Purpose
8.3.2 What: Define Your Concerns and Goals
8.3.3 What: Define the Tasks
8.3.4 What: Create the Scenarios
8.3.5 What: Define the Measurements
8.3.6 How: Define the Test Method
8.3.7 Where: Determine the Location of the Tests
8.3.8 Who: Select Participants, Testers, and Observers

8.4 Prepare for the Test

8.4.1 When: Create a Test Schedule
8.4.2 Writing Scripts
8.4.3 Running a Pilot Test

8.5 Perform the Test

8.5.1 Test Phases

8.6 Process the Data

8.6.1 Activities Performed on the Day of the Test
8.6.2 Follow-Up Activities

Design Scenario: Defining and Refining Usability Goals

SECTION III FACETS OF INTERACTION

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Chapter 9 Color
9.1 The Human Perceptual System

9.1.1 Color Perception
9.1.2 Color Deficiencies
9.1.3 Individual and Cultural Issues

9.2 Using Color in Interaction Design

9.2.1 Clarification, Relation, and Differentiation
9.2.2 Searching
9.2.3 Comprehension, Retention, and Recall
9.2.4 Tasks and Performance
9.2.5 Redundant Coding

9.3 Color Concerns for Interaction Design

9.3.1 Indistinguishable Differences
9.3.2 Optimal Colors
9.3.3 Number of Colors
9.3.4 Incompatible Differences
9.3.5 Color Backgrounds

9.4 Technical Issues Concerning Color

9.4.1 Color Displays
9.4.2 Computing Environment
9.4.3 Color Systems
9.4.4 Color Contrast
9.4.5 Color Space
9.4.6 Web-Based Color
9.4.7 The Color Picker

Design Scenario: Color Scheme

Chapter 10 Interface Components
10.1. The WIMP Interface

10.1.1 Windows
10.1.2 Icons
10.1.3 Menus
10.1.4 Pointers
10.2. Other Components

10.2.1 Lists
10.2.2 Controls
10.2.3 Display Components
10.2.4 Text Entry Components
10.2.5 Tool Containers
Design Scenario: Web Form

Chapter 11 Icons
11.1 Human Issues Concerning Icons

11.1.1 Novice User
11.1.2 The Dual Nature of Icons
11.1.3 Real-World Expectations
11.1.4 Recall/Recognition
11.1.5 Icon Analysis Chart

11.2 Using Icons in Interaction Design

11.2.1 Search
11.2.2 Screen Real Estate
11.2.3 Conventions
11.2.4 Context
11.2.5 Globalization—Localization

11.3 Technical Issues Concerning Icons

11.3.1 Icon Terminology
11.3.2 Principles for Icon Creation
11.3.3 Icon Grammar
11.3.4 Universal Systems
11.3.5 Deconstructing Icons
11.3.6 Icon Size
11.3.7 Transparency and Background
11.3.8 Current Practices

Design Scenario: Icons

Chapter 12 Text
12.1 Human Issues Concerning Text

12.1.1 The Reading Process
12.1.2 The Reading Purpose
12.1.3 Paper versus Screens

12.2 Using Text in Interaction Design

12.2.1 Legibility
12.2.2 Readability
12.2.3 Physical Factors

12.3 Technical Issues Concerning Text

12.3.1 Components of Digital Text
12.3.2 Web Text
12.3.3 Globalization/Localization
12.3.4 Dynamic Text Presentation

Design Scenario: Text Formatting

Chapter 13 Speech and Hearing
13.1 The Human Perceptual System

13.1.1 Hearing
13.1.2 Speech
13.1.3 Nonspeech

13.2 Using Sound in Interaction Design

13.2.1 Redundant Coding
13.2.2 Positive/Negative Feedback
13.2.3 Speech Applications
13.2.4 Nonspeech Applications

13.3 Technical Issues Concerning Sound

13.3.1 Sound Waves
13.3.2 Computer-Generated Sound
13.3.3 Speech Recognition

Design Scenario: Auditory Display

Chapter 14 Touch and Movement
14.1 The Human Perceptual System

14.1.1 Physical Aspects of Perception
14.1.2 Psychological Aspects of Perception

14.2 Using Haptics in Interaction Design

14.2.1 Teleoperation
14.2.2 Medical Uses
14.2.3 Users with Disabilities
14.2.4 Aerospace
14.2.5 Scientific Visualizations
14.2.6 Modeling
14.2.7 Art
14.2.8 Collaboration
14.2.9 Data Representations—Graphs
14.2.10 Gaming

14.3 Technical Issues Concerning Haptics

14.3.1 Haptic Displays
14.3.2 Tactile Displays
14.3.3 Force Feedback Displays
14.3.4 Desktop Devices
14.3.5 Haptic System Concerns

Design Scenario: Coding Information for a Haptic Navigation Device

Appendixes
Appendix A Vision
Appendix B Accessibility Guidelines
Appendix C Input/Output Devices

References
Photo Credits
Index