WTO-plus in free trade agreements

People often hear the term “WTO-plus”. But they do not fully understand the exact meaning and the legal status of it under the WTO. The book divides FTA provisions into three categories and analyzes WTO-plus issues of different categories. These categories are those provisions dealing with the matters which are required by the GATT 1994 to be included in the FTAs; those FTA matters not required by the WTO, but allowed or admitted by explicit WTO provisions or not denied by WTO practices; and those matters not covered by the WTO or, although covered by the WTO, not allowed by the WTO to be an exception to the MFN principle. It is expected that through the analysis of the issues arising from different categories, readers will clearly understand the exact meaning of WTO-plus and the related issues. It is also hoped that the analysis will help WTO Members to negotiate further rules on FTAs under the WTO and to formulate their FTA rules and policies concerning the plus aspects, and to help dispute settlement decisions on the related issues.

許多人都聽過WTO-plus這個詞，但對該詞的真正含意及其在WTO下的法律地位，未必能掌握。本書將自由貿易協定的內容分成三類，亦即（1）GATT對於成立自由貿易協定所要求的內容。（2）WTO所並不要求，但為WTO規範明示允許或未為WTO實務所否定的內容；此種內容可作為最惠國待遇條款之例外。（3）WTO所未涵蓋的領域，或雖為WTO所涵蓋，但未為WTO所承認得作為最惠國待遇條款之例外。透過分析自由貿易協定此等不同類型的規定，讀者應可瞭解WTO-plus的正確法律上意義以及其衍生的相關問題。本書希望有助於WTO會員將來在WTO之下進行自由貿易協定相關規範的談判；並相望協助其談判自由貿易協定的條文以及擬定自由貿易協定的政策。將來如有相關的爭端案件，本書亦希望可以作為釐清相關問題的參考。

羅昌發

【現職】
1.Lifetime Distinguished Professor of National Taiwan University (2006-)
2.NTU Chair Professor (2006-)
3.Director, Asian Center for WTO and International Health Law and Policy, NTU College of Law
臺大講座教授
臺大終身特聘教授
臺大法律學院亞洲WTO暨國際衛生法與政策研究中心主任
【經歷】
WTO補貼及平衡措施委員會常設專家小組成員
WTO EC控告巴西再生輪胎案爭端解決小組成員
臺大法律學院院長
臺大生醫與科技倫理、法律與社會中心主任
國科會法律學門召集人、國科會諮議
傑出人才基金會傑出人才講座
教育部國家講座
行政院公平交易委員會委員、顧問
我國加入國際經貿組織法律顧問
經濟部貿易調查委員會委員、顧問
經濟部法規會委員
大陸委員會諮詢委員、訴願會委員
公共工程委員會申訴審議委員會、法規會委員
外交部訴願會委員
行政院訴願會委員
中央研究院歐美研究所副研究員
執業律師
【學歷】
1.Harvard University School of Law, SJD (1989)
2.Harvard University School of Law, LL.M. (1987)
3.National Taiwan University College of Law, LL.M. (1980)
4.Fu Jen Catholic University College of Law, LL.B. (1978)
私立輔仁大學法學學士
國立臺灣大學法學碩士
美國哈佛大學法學碩士
美國哈佛大學法學博士（SJD）
【著作】
1. 載貨證券與海事國際私法：以管轄、仲裁及準據法為中心 (1981)
2.“Reciprocity Principle in the International Regulation of Economic Relations” (1989)
3.美國貿易救濟制度：國際經貿法研究（一）(1994)
4.貿易關係之法律問題：國際經貿法研究（二）(1994)
5.貿易與競爭之法律互動：國際經貿法研究（三） (1994)
6.GATT/WTO與我國貿易：國際經貿法研究（四）(1996)
7.國際貿易法─世界貿易組織下之法律新秩序：國際經貿法研究（五）(1996)
8.WTO發展方向及台港經貿關係：國際經貿法研究（六）(1997)
9.政府採購法與政府採購協定論析：國際經貿法研究（七）(1999; 2nd ed. 2004)
10.The Legal Culture and System of Taiwan (2006)
11.A Commentary on the International Health Regulations (2005): A New Charter for Global Health Matters (2010)
12.WTO-Plus Issues in Free Trade Agreements (2010)
【講授科目】
WTO法律
國際貿易法專題研究
國際衛生法
生醫及科技之倫理與法律問題
【相關文獻】
瀏覽作者在月旦法學知識庫更多的期刊、教學資源‧‧‧等

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Ⅰ Meaning of WTO-Plus
Ⅱ Reasons to Discuss WTO-Plus Aspects of FTA
Ⅲ Three Categories of FTA Provisions and Their General Relations with WTO: Layout of the Book

CHAPTER 2
NON-PLUS ASPECTS:
CONTENTS NECESSARY FOR THE FORMATION OF FTA
Ⅰ Relations between Plus and Non-plus Aspects
Ⅱ The Authorization to Establish an FTA and the Requirements to Be Qualified as FTA
Ⅲ Elements Necessarily to Be Included in an FTA under GATT 1994

CHAPTER 3
OPTIONAL CONTENTS FOR FTA AS NON-WTO-PLUS: EXCEPTIONS AND TRADE REMEDIES
Ⅰ Those Allowed to Be Excluded from Trade Liberalization under Article XXIV:8
Ⅱ Trade Remedy Rules in FTAs
Ⅲ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies under GATT Article XXIV:8
Ⅳ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies under GATT Article I
Ⅴ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies from the Perspective of WTO Trade Remedy Rules
Ⅵ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies from the Perspective of WTO Appellate Body Reports
Ⅶ Some Remarks on Trade Remedies as Optional Elements of FTA

CHAPTER 4
UNAUTHORIZED WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND TRIPS-PLUS
Ⅰ TRIPS-Plus Provisions Being Commonly Included in FTAs
Ⅱ The Scope of the FTA Exceptions under GATT Article XXIV:5
Ⅲ The Coverage and Standards of TRIPS Agreement
Ⅳ Wider Use of TRIPS-Plus in FTAs and Their Different Types
Ⅴ Provisions Incorporating New Types of Intellectual Property and Their Legal Status
Ⅵ Provisions Giving up Flexibilities and Their Legal Status
Ⅶ Provisions Expanding the Contents of Protection and Their Legal Status
Ⅷ The Extent of TRIPS-Plus in FTA Permitted under the WTO

CHAPTER 5
WTO-PLUS PROVISIONS IN FTA COVERED BY PLURILATERAL AGREEMENT: GPA-PLUS
Ⅰ Government Procurement Matters under WTO
Ⅱ Issues about Whether the Elimination of Restrictive Regulation on Government Procurement is Necessary for Forming an FTA
Ⅲ GPA Provisions Affecting FTA Government Procurement Chapters
Ⅳ Government Procurement Chapters as a GPA-Plus

CHAPTER 6
COMPETITION POLICY AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
THE TREND OF INCLUDING COMPETITION CHAPTER IN FTA
Ⅰ Some Trends of International Aspects of Competition Policy
Ⅱ Earlier FTAs and the Lack of Competition Provisions
Ⅲ The First Comprehensive Competition Chapter in an FTA: NAFTA
Ⅳ More Recent Competition Chapters
Ⅴ Implications of Competition Chapters in FTA
Ⅵ Competition Chapter as a WTO-Plus

CHAPTER 7
INVESTMENT MATTERS AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA
Ⅰ Introduction
Ⅱ Recent Development of BITs and FTAs
Ⅲ Comparison of the Contents of BIT with the Investment Chapter of FTAs
Ⅳ Points to Be Drawn from the Comparison
Ⅴ Policy Choice for the Governments
Ⅵ Investment Chapter as a WTO-Plus

CHAPTER 8
ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA
Ⅰ Current Multilateral Environmental Protections and Their Limitations
Ⅱ Origin and Reasons of FTA Dealing with Environmental Protection
Ⅲ The Extent of Prevalence for FTAs Containing Environmental Provisions and Their Different Forms
Ⅳ Different Forms for Including Environmental Provisions in FTAs
Ⅴ Elaboration on Some Key Environmental Provisions
Ⅵ Environmental Chapter as a WTO-Plus and Paradigm Shift of Using Multi-bilateral FTAs as the Vehicle to Carry Out the Goal of Environmental Protection

CHAPTER 9
POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
A HEALTH CHAPTER
Ⅰ Introduction
Ⅱ The Requirement of New IHR upon its Members to Engage in International Cooperation
Ⅲ FTA Having Legal Status under the New IHR
Ⅳ FTA and Health Matters
Ⅴ Reasons for FTA to Have a Health Chapter for Public Health Matters
Ⅵ Health Matters that Can Be Covered by an FTA

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION

INDEX