The Integration Debate ─ Competing Futures for American Cities

Racial integration, and policies intended to achieve greater integration, continue to generate controversy in the United States, with some of the most heated debates taking place among long-standing advocates of racial equality.
Today, many nonwhites express what has been referred to as "integration exhaustion" as they question the value of integration in today’s world. And many whites exhibit what has been labeled "race fatigue," arguing that we have done enough to reconcile the races. Many policies have been implemented in efforts to open up traditionally restricted neighborhoods, while others have been designed to diversify traditionally poor, often nonwhite, neighborhoods. Still, racial segregation persists, along with the many social costs of such patterns of uneven development.
This book explores both long-standing and emerging controversies over the nation’s ongoing struggles with discrimination and segregation. More urgently, it offers guidance on how these barriers can be overcome to achieve truly balanced and integrated living patterns.

Chester Hartman is Director of Research for the Washington, DC-based Poverty & Race Research Action Council. He is also founder and former Chair of The Planners Network, a national organization of progressive urban planners. His most recent books include City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco, Between Eminence and Notoriety: Four Decades of Radical Urban Planning, and A Right to Housing: Foundation for a New Social Agenda.
Gregory D. Squires is a Professor of Sociology, and Public Policy and Public Administration at George Washington University. Previously, he worked for the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and HUD and served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board’s Consumer Advisory Council. He has published several books on civil rights issues and has written for many academic and general interest publications, including the New York Times, Washington Post, Housing Policy Debate, and Urban Studies.

Acknowledgments
1) "Integration Exhaustion, Race Fatigue, and the American Dream" 1
Chester Hartman, Poverty & Race Research Action Council and
Gregory D. Squires, George Washington University
2) "Welcome to the Neighborhood? The Persistence of Discrimination and 16 Segregation"
Shanna Smith and Cathy Cloud, National Fair Housing Alliance
3) "From Segregation to Integration: How Do We Get There?" 40
Nancy A. Denton, University at Albany, SUNY

4) "Creating and Protecting Pro-Integration Programs Under the Fair 66

Housing Act"
John Relman, Glenn Schlactus, and Shalini Goel,
Relman & Dane lawfirm
5) "Achieving Integration Through Private Litigation" 89
Michael P. Seng and F. Willis Caruso, The John Marshall Law School
6) "Constitutional and Statutory Mandates for Residential Racial Integration 117
and The Validity of Race-Conscious Affirmative Action to Achieve It"
Florence Wagman Roisman, Indiana University School of Law
7) "Housing Mobility: A Civil Right" 159
Elizabeth K. Julian and Demetria McCain, Inclusive Communities Project
8) "Desegregated Schools With Segregated Education" 185
William A. Darity, Jr., Duke University and Alicia Jolla,
City of Charlotte, North Carolina
9) "The Effects of Housing Market Discrimination on Earnings Inequality" 213
Samuel L. Myers, Jr., University of Minnesota, Kris Marsh,
University of Maryland, and William A. Darity, Jr., Duke University
10) "Racial/Ethnic Integration and Child Health Disparities" 234
Dolores Acevedo-Garcia, Harvard School of Public Health, Theresa L. Osypuk, Northeastern University Bouvé College of Health Sciences, and Nancy McArdle, Harvard School of Public Health
11) "Integration, Segregation, and the Racial Wealth Gap" 268
George Lipsitz and Melvin L. Oliver, University of California, Santa Barbara
12) "Two-Tiered Justice: Race, Class, and Crime Policy" 295
Marc Mauer, The Sentencing Project

13) "Residential Mobility, Neighborhoods and Poverty: Results from the 322


Chicago Gautreaux Program and the Moving to Opportunity Experiment"

Stephanie DeLuca, Johns Hopkins University and James E. Rosenbaum,

Northwestern University

14) "The Ghetto Game: Apartheid and the Developer’s Imperative in Post- 344
Industrial American Cities"
Mindy Thompson Fullilove, Lourdes Hernandez-Cordero, and Robert E. Fullilove, Columbia University School of Public Health
15) "The Myth of Concentrated Poverty" 368
Stephen Steinberg, Queens College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York
16) "Integration: Solving the Wrong Problem" 398
Janet L. Smith, University of Illinois at Chicago
17) "The Legacy of Segregation: Smashing Through the Generations" 430
Roger Wilkins, George Mason University
Contributors 458
Index