Artificial Receptors For Chemical Sensors

The first to provide systematically organized information on all three important aspects of artificial receptor design, this book brings together knowledge on an exceptionally hot and multidisciplinary field of research. Strong emphasis is placed on the methodology for discovering artificial receptors, with both definitions for chemosensitivity as well as experimental setups supplied. There follows coverage of numerous classes of artificial receptors, including synthesis, immobilization on surfaces, and quantitative data on properties. The third part of the book focuses on receptor arrays for artificial nose and tongue applications and the whole is rounded off with an outlook and an appendix with all relevant quantitative data on artificial receptors.

Vladimir M. Mirsky is Professor at Lausitz University of Applied Sciences, Senftenberg, Germany. He graduated from Moscow Medical University in Biophysics and went on to study Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at the Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, obtaining there his PhD in 1986. He subsequently held an Alexander-von-Humboldt Research Fellowship and a research position at the CNRS Centre of Molecular Biology in France prior to joining the Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Sensors and Biosensors at Regensburg University in 1995. After habilitation he became Professor of Nanobiotechnology and moved to Lausitz. He is editor of two recent books, “Ultrathin Electrochemical Chemo- and Biosensors” and “Combinatorial Methods for Chemical and Biological Sensors”. His work has led to about 20 patents and patent applications as well as 120 peer-reviewed scientific papers.

Anatoly K. Yatsimirsky is Professor of Chemistry at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City. He obtained his PhD and Dr. Sc. Degrees from Moscow Lomonosov State University, where he was Professor prior to his move to Mexico in 1992. He spent Visiting Scholar/Professor stays at Milan University, Italy, in 1980/81 and at the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1998/99. His research is focused on physical organic chemistry and metal complex catalysis and he is the author of 160 peer-reviewed scientific publications including a monograph “Principles and Methods in Supramolecular Chemistry “ by John Wiley & Sons and further book contributions.

Preface.

List of Contributors.

1 Quantitative Characterization of Affinity Properties of Immobilized Receptors (Vladimir M. Mirsky).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Measurements Under Equilibrium Conditions.

1.3 Kinetic Measurements.

1.4 Analysis of Temperature Dependencies.

1.5 Experimental Techniques.

References.

2 Selectivity of Chemical Receptors (Hans-Jörg Schneider and Anatoly K. Yatsimirsky).

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Some General Considerations on Selectivity.

2.3 Correlation Between Selectivity and Affinity.

2.4 Crown Ether and Cryptand Complexes: Hole Size Fitting and Other Effects.

2.5 Recognition of Transition and Heavy Metal Ions.

2.6 Recognition via Ion Pairing.

2.7 Hydrogen Bonded Complexes and Solvent Effects.

2.8 Lewis Acid Receptors.

2.9 Complexes with Stacking and van der Waals Interactions.

2.10 Multifunctional Receptors for Recognition of Complex Target Molecules.

2.11 Conclusions.

References.

3 Combinatorial Development of Sensing Materials (Radislav A. Potyrailo).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 General Principles of Combinatorial Materials Screening.

3.3 Opportunities for Sensing Materials.

3.4 Designs of Combinatorial Libraries of Sensing Materials.

3.5 Discovery and Optimization of Sensing Materials Using Discrete Arrays.

3.6 Optimization of Sensing Materials Using Gradient Arrays.

3.7 Emerging Wireless Technologies for Combinatorial Screening of Sensing Materials.

3.8 Summary and Outlook.

References.

4 Fluorescent Cyclodextrins as Chemosensors for Molecule Detection in Water (Hiroshi Ikeda).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Pyrene-Appended Cyclodextrins.

4.3 Fluorophore–Amino Acid–CD Triad Systems.

4.4 Molecular Recognition by Regioisomers of Dansyl-Appended CDs.

4.5 Turn-On Fluorescent Chemosensors.

4.6 Effect of Protein Environment on Molecule Sensing.

4.7 CD–Peptide Conjugates as Chemosensors.

4.8 Immobilized Fluorescent CD on a Cellulose Membrane.

4.9 Conclusion.

References.

5 Cyclopeptide Derived Synthetic Receptors (Stefan Kubik).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Receptors for Cations.

5.3 Receptors for Ion Pairs.

5.4 Receptors for Anions.

5.5 Receptors for Neutral Substrates.

5.6 Conclusion.

References.

6 Boronic Acid-Based Receptors and Chemosensors (Xiaochuan Yang, Yunfeng Cheng, Shan Jin, and Binghe Wang).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 De Novo Design.

6.3 Combinatorial Approaches.

6.4 Template Directed Synthesis.

References.

7 Artificial Receptor Compounds for Chiral Recognition (Thomas J. Wenzel and Ngoc H. Pham).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Cyclodextrins.

7.3 Crown Ethers.

7.4 Calixarenes.

7.5 Calix[4]resorcinarenes.

7.6 Miscellaneous Receptor Compounds.

7.7 Metal-Containing Receptor Compounds.

References.

8 Fullerene Receptors Based on Calixarene Derivatives (Pavel Lhoták and Ondrej Kundrát).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Calixarenes.

8.3 Solid State Complexation by Calixarenes.

8.4 Complexation in Solution.

8.5 Calixarenes as Molecular Scaffolds.

8.6 Outlook.

References.

9 Guanidinium Based Anion Receptors (Carsten Schmuck and Hannes Yacu Kuchelmeister).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Instructive Historical Examples.

9.3 Recent Advances in Inorganic Anion Recognition.

9.4 Organic and Biological Phosphates.

9.5 Polycarboxylate Binding.

9.6 Amino Acid Recognition.

9.7 Dipeptides as Substrate.

9.8 Polypeptide Recognition.

9.9 Conclusion.

References.

10 Artificial Receptors Based on Spreader-Bar Systems (Thomas Hirsch).

References.

11 Potential of Aptamers as Artificial Receptors in Chemical Sensors (Bettina Appel, Sabine Müller, and Sabine Stingel).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Generation and Synthesis of Aptamers.

11.3 Aptamer Arrays.

11.4 Techniques for Readout of Ligand Binding to the Aptamer.

11.5 Outlook/Summary.

References.

12 Conducting Polymers as Artificial Receptors in Chemical Sensors (Ulrich Lange, Nataliya V. Roznyatovskaya, Qingli Hao, and Vladimir M. Mirsky).

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Transducers for Artificial Receptors Based on Conducting Polymers.

12.3 Intrinsic Sensitivity of Conducting Polymers.

12.4 Conducting Polymers Modified with Receptor Groups.

12.5 Conclusion.

References.

13 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Artificial Receptors (Florian Meier and Boris Mizaikoff).

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Fundamentals of Molecular Imprinting.

13.3 Polymer Formats and Polymerization Methods for MIPs.

13.4 Evaluation of MIP Performance – Imprinting Efficiency.

13.5 MIPs Mimicking Natural Receptors.

13.6 Conclusions and Outlook.

References.

14 Quantitative Affinity Data on Selected Artificial Receptors (Anatoly K. Yatsimirsky and Vladimir M. Mirsky).

14.1 Structures of Receptors.

References.

Index.