Neurology(神經病學)（簡體書）

ThisNeurologytextbookisintendedforinternationalmedicalstudentsandbilingualeducationinChinesemedicalstudents.Wehopeitwillalsobeusefulforneurologists，non-neurologistcliniaans，nurses，andotherhealthcareworkers.Asatextbookmainlyformedicalstudents，wetriedtokeepthecontentdirectandclear.Onlywidelyacceptednotionsandfactsareincluded，ratherthanunsupportedopinionsorrecentprogressinresearch.ComparedwithotherNeurologytextbooksinEnglishlanguage，thistextbookputsmoreemphasisonanatomyofnervoussystem，principlesoftopicaldiagnosisandneurologicalexamination.．

《醫學教育改革系列教材:神經病學》由高等教育出版社出版。

Chapter1GeneralIntroduction
Chapter2Overview
2.1CranialNerves
2.2SensorySystem
2.3MotorSystem
2.4Reflexes
2.5CentralNervousSystem
2.6DisturbanceofConsciousness
2.7DiagnosticProcedureandPrincipleofNeurologicalDisorders

Chapter3NeurologicalExaminationsandDiagnosticTests
3.1NeurologicalExaminations
3.2NeurologicalDiagnosticTests

Chapter4CerebrovascularDiseases
4.1TransientIschemicAttacks
4.2CerebralInfarction
4.3IntracerebralHemorrhage
4.4CerebralVenousThrombosis

Chapter5MeningitisandEncephalitis
5.1Introduction
5.2Meningitis
5.3Encephalitis

Chapter6PeripheralNeuropathies
6.1Introduction
6.2Guillain-BarreSyndrome（GBS）
6.3ChronicInflammatoryDemyelinatingPolyneuropathy（CIDP）
6.4IdiopathicFacialPalsy（BellsPalsy）

Chapter7NeurodegenerativeDiseases
7.1Parkinson'sDisease
7.2MotorNeuronDiseases

Chapter8DemyelinatingDiseases
8.1DemyelinatingDiseases
8.2Myelitis

Chapter9Epilepsy
9.1Introduction
9.2EtiologyofEpilepsy
9.3BasicMechanismsUnderlyingSeizuresandEpilepsy
9.4ClassificationofEpilepticSeizures
9.5DiagnosisandDifferentialDiagnosis
9.6TreatmentofEpilepsy

Chapter10DisordersofNeuromuscularJunctionandMyopathy
10.1MyastheniaGravis
10.2MuscularDystrophy
10.3Polymyositis

Chapter11Migraine
11.1Introduction
11.2Etiology
11.3Pathogenesis
11.4ClinicalManifestationandClassification
11.5DiagnosisandDifferentialDiagnosis
11.6Treatment
11.7Prognosis

Chapter12FamilialPeriodicParalysis
12.1Introduction
12.2HypokalemicPeriodicParalysis
12.3HyperkalemicPeriodicParalysis
12.4NormokalemicPeriodicParalysis

Chapter13Dementia
13.1Introduction
13.2Alzheimer'sDisease
13.3VascularDementia（VaD）
13.4MixedDementia（MD）
13.5DementiawithLewyBodies（DLB）
13.6FrontotemporalDementia（FTD）．

2.5.3 Basal Ganglia
2.5.3.1 Anatomy and physiology
The basal ganglia lie in the deep white matter of the cerebral cortex and are composed of the caudate,lentiform nucleus,claustrum and amygdaloid nucleus.The basal ganglia system is made up of the basal ganglia,red nucleus,subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra.The corpus striatum(striated body)is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus.The neostriatum includes the caudate and putamen;the paleostriatum includes two parts of the globus pallidus,the internal portion and external portion.The basal ganglia are subcortical structures that mediate involuntary and voluntary muscular movements.The basal ganglia belong to the extrapyramidal system of the brain.The basal ganglia have,broad interconnection in different nuclei.The striatum serves as the input center for the basal ganglia. The primary input comes from the cerebral cortex;there is a secondary input from the thalamus.Output signals form basal ganglia descend to spinal lower motor neuron through red nucleus,substantia nigra and reticular formation.The basal ganglia,together with cerebral cortex and cerebellum,modulate the voluntary movements,muscle tone and postural reflex.
2.5.3.2 Symptoms and diagnosis of lesions
Lesions of basal ganglia can lead to abnormal movements and changed muscle tone.
2.5.3.2.1 Lesions of neostriatum
This pattern usualiy leads to hyperkinesia-hypotonia syndrome,including chorea,athetosis and hemiballismus.Chorea can occur in lesions of putamen,athetosis may occur in lesions of caudate,while hemiballismus is caused by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus.This hyperkinesia-hypotonia syndrome may result from genetic Huntington's chorea,rheumatic chorea,Wilson's disease or side effects of phenothiazine drugs.
2.5.3.2.2 Lesions of paleostriatum and substantia nigra
This pattern usually leads to hypokinesia-hypertonia syndrome,presenting with rigidity,slowness of movement and static tremor.This usually occurs in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism.