Europe's Long Twelfth Century ─ Order; Anxiety, and Adaptation, 1095-1229

Between 1095 and 1229, Western Europe confronted a series of alternative cultural possibilities that would fundamentally transform its social structures, its intellectual life, and its very identity. It was a period of difficult decisions and anxiety rather than a triumphant "renaissance."

In this fresh reassessment of the twelfth century, John D. Cotts:
‧ shows how new social, economic and religious options challenged Europeans to re-imagine their place in the world
‧ provides an overview of political life and detailed examples of the original thought and religious enthusiasm of the time
‧ presents the Crusades as the century's defining movement.

Ideal for students and scholars alike, this is an essential overview of a pivotal era in medieval history that arguably paved the way for a united Europe.

JOHN D. COTTS is an assistant professor of History at Whitman College.