Difficult Acute Cholecystitis: Treatment and Technical Issues

1 Anatomy of the gallbladder and biliary tract.- 2 Pathophysiology and diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis.- 3 Pathophysiology and diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis.- 4 Guidelines for the management of acute cholecystitis.- 5 Tokyo Guidelines and their limits.- 6 Preoperative evaluation and management of acute cholecystitis: Optimal timing and surgical approach.- 7 Preoperative evaluation and decision making. When to operate and by which approach: Tube cholecystostomy.- 8 Difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Intra-operative evaluation.- 9 Difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Timing for conversion.- 10 Difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: When to convert to open technique.- 11 When it's safe to continue laparoscopically.- 12 Open partial or subtotal cholecystectomy: techniques and indications.- 13 Laparoscopic sub total cholecystectomy and other laparoscopic techniques.- 14 Indocyanine green role in acute cholecystitis.- 15 How to avoid CBD injuries and their classification.- 16 Iatrogenic lesions of the biliary tree: the role of a multidisciplinary approach