While the scientist works essentially with what he observes, with the measurable properties of nature, the philosopher of science is concerned to formulate the conceptual foundations of the scientific
Newton urged scientists never to speculate, only to prove by establishing experimental facts. By contrast, Einstein urged scientists to speculate freely, since only daring speculations, not experiment
What is meant by scientific evidence, and how can a definition of this concept be applied in the sciences to determine whether observed facts constitute evidence that a given theory is true?In this bo
"During the years I have studied Achinstein's essays and books in some detail. I have always learned from them and have found them Solid argument, historical sensitivity, and conceptual novelty. He is
Is there a universal set of rules for discovering and testing scientific hypotheses? Since the birth of modern science, philosophers, scientists, and other thinkers have wrestled with this fundamental
Some of the 13 papers, from an April 2003 conference at Johns Hopkins University, consider general questions about the meaning of evidence, while others discuss issues concerning evidence for particul
Is there a universal set of rules for discovering and testing scientific hypotheses? Since the birth of modern science, philosophers, scientists, and other thinkers have wrestled with this fundamental
