In World Trade since 1431, Peter Hugill showed how the interplay of technology and geography guided the evolution of the modern global capitalistic system. Now, in the successor to that widely acclai
The hegemonic transition between British world power and American was the most drawn-out in the history of the world-system, starting in 1861. After 1919, America competed successfully with Britain in
Equipped with reliable maps and instruments for open-ocean navigation and highly seaworthy, three-masted, cannon-armed ships, Portugal dominated the Atlantic trade routes—until the diffusion of Portug
