在二十世紀初葉至第二次世界大戰之間，活躍在國際美術中心巴黎的一群藝術家，被總括為巴黎畫派（Ecole de Paris）。此時也正是兩次世界大戰期間，美術思潮出現達達、超現實主義和抽象藝術等趨勢之外，追求具象世界表現的藝術家，多是來自外國的異鄉人，包括畢卡索、米羅、莫迪利亞尼、梵鄧肯、巴斯金．史丁和藤田嗣治，當時知名藝評家安德烈．華諾（Andre Warnod）將他們稱為巴黎畫派，他們並沒有共同美
Optimal control theory is a technique being used increasingly by academic economists to study problems involving optimal decisions in a multi-period framework. This textbook is designed to make the difficult subject of optimal control theory easily accessible to economists while at the same time maintaining rigour. Economic intuitions are emphasized, and examples and problem sets covering a wide range of applications in economics are provided to assist in the learning process. Theorems are clearly stated and their proofs are carefully explained. The development of the text is gradual and fully integrated, beginning with simple formulations and progressing to advanced topics such as control parameters, jumps in state variables, and bounded state space. For greater economy and elegance, optimal control theory is introduced directly, without recourse to the calculus of variations. The connection with the latter and with dynamic programming is explained in a separate chapter. A second purp
Optimal control theory is a technique being used increasingly by academic economists to study problems involving optimal decisions in a multi-period framework. This textbook is designed to make the difficult subject of optimal control theory easily accessible to economists while at the same time maintaining rigour. Economic intuitions are emphasized, and examples and problem sets covering a wide range of applications in economics are provided to assist in the learning process. Theorems are clearly stated and their proofs are carefully explained. The development of the text is gradual and fully integrated, beginning with simple formulations and progressing to advanced topics such as control parameters, jumps in state variables, and bounded state space. For greater economy and elegance, optimal control theory is introduced directly, without recourse to the calculus of variations. The connection with the latter and with dynamic programming is explained in a separate chapter. A second purp
