海商法

序文

海商法是以海上運送為核心，以提供船舶、海員、資金，滿足海上運
送基礎；以解決海上運送可能發生船舶踫撞、海難救助、共同海損的法律
糾紛，以及為了減輕運送人責任而制定的船舶所有人責任限制、為了分擔
海上冒險損失而建立的海上保險為輔翼的法律規範。

從國際公約及海事習慣蛻化為海商法，有兩個制訂過程：

一．基於航海的政策，選擇繼受國際公約或海事習慣：海商法的內
容，不論是否繼受自外國的立法例，還是直接承襲國際公約或海事習慣，
都有濃烈的國際性。由於海運利益的競逐，貨幣基礎的演變，針對相同的
法律事實，經常同時併存著數個不同的國際公約或海事習慣，各國在吸納
國際公約或海事習慣為本國法律的過程中，常因航海政策的不同而有不同
的選擇：通常技術性的規定，對於海運業、保險業、銀行業都有有利，容
易被吸納；規範義務輕重或責任高低的條文，則因涉及海上利益的競爭以
及利害關係人利害的糾葛，吸納過程較為緩慢。此乃國家之上，沒有太上
國家，正義在國際法上，經常只是個指標，利益才是實質考慮所致，無論
如何，航海政策的選擇都是國際公約或海事習慣蛻化為國內法的第一步。

二．將國際公約或海事習慣的規定蛻化為與民法相銜接的海商法：海
商法不是獨立存在的，而是依附民法，成為民法的特別法而存在的，因此
從國際公約或海事習慣蛻化為國內法時，不但必須將之改寫為大陸法系的
條文形式，而且必須釐清與民法相應規定的關係，而與民法的規定相互銜
接，構成民法的特別規定、延續規定及發展規定。本書之撰寫，借鑑於
2012年德國商法海商編，力求貫徹民法與海商法間普通法與特別法的關
係，建立櫛比鱗次，層次井然的海運規範體系。

小小環球，陸地資源有限，海洋利基無窮，富國之道，莫不以發展海
上運送、爭取海洋資源為要務，而審慎訂立航海政策，制定完備海商法

ii 海商法

制，殆為壯大海運隊伍、爭取海上資源的重要法門。至期本書之問梓，能
為健全海商法制、拓展海上運送略盡綿薄之力。是為序。

2016年 8月 1日

目 次

第一編 緒論····························································· 1

第一章
緒說················································3

壹、海商法內容鳥瞰·········································· 3
貳、海上貨物運送與國際貿易
·························· 6
參、海商法的法源············································ 15

第二編 海上企業活動的基礎··············· 33

第一章
船長海員······································35

壹、船長海員的意義········································ 35
貳、船長海員的雇用········································ 36
參、船長海員的法律地位
································ 37

第二章
海商法上的船舶與船舶使用權
的取得·········································41

壹、海商法上的船舶········································ 41
貳、所有權與使用權的取得
···························· 48

ii 海商法

參、船舶所有人、船舶營運人對第三人的
法律關係
··················································· 80

第三章
資金債權的擔保──船舶抵押
權與海事優先權·························83

壹、船舶抵押權················································ 84
貳、海事優先權················································ 97

第三編 海上企業活動······························· 139

第一章
海上貨物運送 ·························· 141

壹、海上貨物運送是海上企業活動的重心··· 142
貳、海上貨物運送的意義及類型
·················· 142
參、件貨運送契約·········································· 151
肆、航程傭船·················································· 355

第二章
旅客運送··································· 423

壹、旅客運送的意義······································ 424
貳、旅客運送契約的解除與終止
·················· 428
參、旅客的權利義務······································ 429
肆、運送人的權利義務·································· 430
伍、運送人的責任基礎·································· 432

目 次 iii

陸、運送人的責任限制·································· 436
柒、金法郎、特別提款權的換算
·················· 442
捌、履行輔助人引用運送人的免責抗辯權

及限制責任抗辯權──喜馬拉雅條款

法制化
····················································· 444
玖、任意約定的禁止······································ 446
拾、請求權時效·············································· 447

第三章 船舶拖帶··································· 451

壹、船舶拖帶的意義與船舶拖帶契約
·········· 452

貳、船舶拖帶的客體······································ 456

參、船舶拖帶的範圍······································ 457

肆、指揮權原則·············································· 458

伍、拖帶契約的終止······································ 459

陸、拖船、被拖船與第三人的關係

──外部關係
·········································· 460

柒、拖船與被拖物所有人的關係

──內部關係
·········································· 462

捌、喜瑪拉雅條款精神在船舶拖帶的

法制化
····················································· 464
玖、船舶拖帶規定的缺點
······························ 465
拾、修正的方向·············································· 466

iv 海商法

第四編 海上企業活動危險·················· 469

第一章 船舶碰撞··································· 471

壹、船舶碰撞的意義······································ 472

貳、國際海上避碰規則與其他航行安全

規則
························································· 476
參、船舶過失的判斷······································ 480
肆、船舶碰撞的歸責類型
······························ 487
伍、船舶碰撞雙方過失條款的發生
·············· 493
陸、交叉責任制與單一責任制
······················ 498
柒、無踫撞的損害賠償責任
·························· 499
捌、請求權時效·············································· 500

第二章 海難救助··································· 505

壹、海難救助的意義······································ 506

貳、救助人與被救助人的義務
······················ 510

參、救助義務的雙軌制·································· 514

肆、海難救助的類型······································ 517

伍、救助報酬的請求：基於無因管理的

救助
························································· 523
陸、船舶及其他獲救財產價值的估計
·········· 533

目 次 v

柒、報酬數額的決定及分配
·························· 533
捌、救助報酬的分擔······································ 539
玖、救助債權的擔保······································ 539
拾、棄船、漂流物、沉沒品
·························· 544
拾壹、消滅時效·············································· 545
拾貳、主權豁免·············································· 546

第三章 共同海損··································· 551

壹、緒說
························································· 552
貳、共同海損的意義······································ 552
參、約克安特威浦規則及立法例
·················· 554
肆、共同海損責任分攤的學說
······················ 559
伍、共同海損行為·········································· 561
陸、共同海損分攤：共同海損的理算
·········· 569
柒、理算方法·················································· 595
捌、共同海損債權的擔保
······························ 599
玖、共同海損的和解······································ 601
拾、消滅時效·················································· 601

vi 海商法

第五編 海上風險的總限制與分化

機制···························································607

第一章
海上風險的總限制──
船舶所有人責任限制·············· 609

壹、船舶所有人責任限制的意義
·················· 610
貳、船舶所有人責任限制的理由
·················· 610
參、得主張船舶所有人責任限制的主體
······ 611
肆、船舶所有人責任限制制度的發展
·········· 613
伍、得主張船舶所有人責任限制的債務
······ 615
陸、船舶所有人責任限額
······························ 620
柒、船舶所有人責任限制的例外
·················· 632

第二章
船舶污染的責任限制·············· 645

壹、緒說
························································· 646
貳、主要法源·················································· 646
參、適用範圍·················································· 647
肆、本章名詞的定義及立法說明
·················· 648
伍、損害賠償的責任主體
······························ 652

目 次 vii

陸、船舶污染賠償義務人的責任──

無過失責任及其免責事由······················ 654
柒、數船舶所有人的連帶責任
······················ 656
捌、船舶污染損害賠償的責任限制
·············· 656
玖、責任限制基金的設置
······························ 659
拾、投保責任保險或提供擔保
······················ 661
拾壹、消滅時效·············································· 662

第三章
海上風險的分化機制──
海上保險·································· 665

壹、海上保險的意義······································ 666

貳、保險契約之訂立、法律性質、保險單

及讓與
····················································· 675

參、海上保險契約的種類
······························ 685

肆、保險利益·················································· 692

陸、要保人的義務·········································· 703

柒、保險期間·················································· 717

捌、海上保險的危險事故的承保範圍及

危險事故之除外······································ 723
玖、理賠範圍與不在理賠範圍
······················ 734
拾、保險金額及保險價額
······························ 748
拾壹、保險給付的理算·································· 751
拾貳、保險給付的請求權時效及給付時限··· 764

viii 海商法

拾參、代位權·················································· 765
拾肆、委付······················································ 767

第六編 海事程序法························785

壹、海事事件的管轄權·································· 787
貳、海事事件的準據法·································· 791
參、海事事件的執行······································ 794

參考書目 ·················································· 801